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Yr 10 Exams Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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2
Q

Which base pairs with thymine

A

Adenine

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3
Q

Which base pairs with guanine

A

Cytosine

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4
Q

Which base pair changes in RNA and what does it change to

A

Thymine changes to Uracil

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5
Q

What is the name for the groups of three RNA nucleotides

A

Codons

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6
Q

What is the name for a chain of amino acids

A

Polypeptides

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7
Q

Where in the cell does translation occur

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is transcription

A

Where the DNA sequence of a gene is rewritten using RNA nucleotides

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9
Q

Where in the cell does transcription occur

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

What is translation

A

Where the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA is “translated” into polypeptides (a chain of amino acids)

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11
Q

How does DNA replication happen

A

The double helix unzips into 2 halves (helicase) and free floating nucleotides attach to the unpaired bases according to the complementary base pairing rule

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12
Q

What connects the two sides of DNA together

A

Hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

What is the ‘backbone’ of DNA made of

A

Sugars (pentose) and phosphates

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14
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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15
Q

What is DNA

A

The molecule containing the inherited code of genetic information

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16
Q

Where is DNA found within the cell

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

What shape does DNA have

A

Double helix

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18
Q

What is the basic sub unit of DNA

A

Nucleotide

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19
Q

What are the three parts that make up nucleotides

A

Nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate

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20
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for a specific trait

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21
Q

What is natural selection

A

Organisms with traits better suited to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits, leading to the gradual adaptation of populations over time

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22
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed - only transformed from one form of energy to another or transferred from one place to another

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23
Q

What is the other name for the law of conservation of energy

A

First Law of Thermodynamics

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24
Q

How do you calculate the efficiency of a process

A

Efficiency = useful energy output / total energy input x 100

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25
What is the base unit of energy
Joules
26
What is the usual unit for determining the energy in food and exercise
Kilojoules
27
What does a joule amount to
The energy transferred to an object when a force of one newton acts on that object in the direction of the force's motion through a distance of one metre.
28
What is meiosis
The process of making gametes
29
What are gametes
Eggs and sperm in most animals
30
What are the names for the sex chromosomes
X and Y
31
What sex chromosomes do females have
XX
32
What sex chromosomes do males have
XY
33
What are autosomes
Non-sex chromosomes
34
What are homologous chromosomes
A pair of chromosomes with the same genes arranged in the same order, though they have slightly different DNA sequences
35
What is a zygote
The single cell formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell
36
What determines an offspring's gender
Whether the father passes on an X or Y chromosome - if it's X, they're female, if Y they're male
37
What is eukaryotic
Multi cellular organism
38
What is prokaryotic
Single cell organism
39
How does bacterial resistance happen
When bacteria multiply very fast asexually, lots of errors occur, making new variations. Sometimes a mutation can help the bacteria survive against a specific antibiotic and then only those ones will survive and reproduce, creating antibiotic-resistant bacteria
40
What are alleles
Forms of the same gene with small differences in their sequences of DNA bases. These differences contribute to each person's unique physical features
41
What is a carrier
A person who does not show symptoms of the disease but carries the recessive gene for that disease, which they may pass onto their offspring
42
What is a dominant gene
The gene that shows up as a characteristic in an organism
43
What is genotype
The genetic code for a gene or an organism's entire genome
44
What is phenotype
How the genotype is physically expressed
45
What is thermal equilibrium
When two objects are at the same temperature
46
What is the zeroth law
When two objects are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are in equilibrium with each other
47
What happens if two systems are not in thermal equilibrium
Energy will flow from the hotter object to the colder
48
What does the rate of energy transfer depend on when two systems are reaching equilibrium
The thermal conductivity of the material
49
What is the temperature of a substance the measure of
The average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance
50
What are three advantages of sexual reproduction
- paves the way for unique individuals - promotes survival and disease resistance - can remove bad genes from a population
51
What are three disadvantages of sexual reproduction
- it takes time and energy to find a mate and reproduce - fewer offspring are typically produced - can remove favourable genes from a population
52
How many times does a cell divide during meiosis
Twice
53
At the end of meiosis what cells are created
Four new cells with only half the genetic info of normal cells (1x23 chromosomes)
54
What are the three ways heat is transmitted
Conduction, convection, radiation
55
What is conduction
Heat moving from something hot to something colder by direct contact, without movement of the substances themselves
56
What is the amount of heat transferred in conduction proportional to (3 answers)
The difference in temperature between the two bodies, the contact surface area and the material they are made of
57
What is convection
Particles with a lot of heat energy in a liquid or gas moving and taking the place of particles with less heat energy
58
What is radiation
Heat carried by electromagnetic waves (infrared rays) from a hot body and absorbed by a colder body
59
What does radiation depend on to work
There is nothing between the two bodies that can absorb the waves
60
What are the two things you need for conduction and convection
A source of heat and a conductor
61
What are two things that influence traits
Genotype and environment
62
What is heredity
The passing of traits from parents to offspring
63
What is a chromosome
A tightly coiled strand of DNA
64
What are histones
Proteins DNA wraps around
65
What is homozygous dominant
Two dominant genes/alleles
66
What is homozygous recessive
Two recessive genes/alleles
67
What is heterozygous
One dominant and one recessive gene/allele
68
What is incomplete dominance
One allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele, resulting in a combined phenotype (eg. Red x White = Pink)
69
What is co-dominance
Organisms with two different phenotypes producing offspring with a third phenotype in which both parental traits appear together (eg. Red x White = Red + White Spotted)
70
What are the parts of the female reproductive system?
fallopian tube, uterus, ovaries, cervix, vagina
71
What are the parts of the male reproductive system?
bladder, seminal vesicle, prostate, urethra, vas deferens, testicles, scrotum, foreskin, head, penis
72
How do you make Sankey Diagrams?
Useful energy goes in one arrow at the top, other types go in arrows going down split into the thicknesses of the percentage of energy input
73
What is a genome?
An organism's entire set of DNA
74
What is the Human Genome Project?
An international scientific research project with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA
75
What is the name for a chain of many repeating units that DNA is?
A polymer
76
What is the name for the basic unit of a polymer
A monomer (which is the nucleotide of DNA)
77
What is fertilisation?
Th process where sperm and egg cells fuse together to form a new individual organism called a zygote
78
What are allosomes?
Sex chromosomes
79
What is a diploid number?
The full set of chromosomes
80
What is a haploid number?
Half of the full set of chromosomes
81
What is selective breeding?
The process used by humans to generate organisms that have desired characteristics
82
What is genetics?
The study of Heredity
83
What is a nitrogenous base?
The chemical letters used in DNA A,T,C,G
84
What sugar component is in DNA?
Deoxyribose
85
What are sex linked traits?
Traits where the gene controlling the specific trait is found in either an X or Y chromosome
86
What sugar component is in RNA?
Ribose
87
What does a codon in RNA make?
A single amino acid
88
What is the most common starting codon?
AUG
89
What is a mutation?
Changes to the structure of a gene by changing one or more of the bases in the DNA code
90
How do mutations occur?
Randomly in the DNA replication process From environmental factors like UV light, X-rays or carcinogens
91
How do mutations affect the organism?
They can disrupt normal gene activity and cause diseases like cancer. These mutations are in the organisms genetics and therefore are heredity
92
What is evolution?
The gradual change of organisms over a long period of time
93
What is biogeography?
The study of the past and present distribution of living organisms
94
What is an independent variable?
The variable that is changed
95
What is a dependent variable?
The variable that is measured or observed
96
What is a hypothesis?
A proposed explanation for a phenomenon, a specific, testable statement about the relationship between variables. It should also include why you think something is going to happen

Science (7 decks)

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