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Systemic Pathology > YR3 7 AS HO2 - OesoStom > Flashcards

YR3 7 AS HO2 - OesoStom Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

List some lesions of the oesophagus

A

Atresia, hyperkeratosis, stenosis, obstruction and dilation, neoplastic, parasites, achalasia

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2
Q

Define Oesophagus Atresia

A

No lumen in oesophagus

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3
Q

Oesophagus Hyperkeratosis causes

A

Vitamin A deficiency, chlorinated naphthalene (naph-tha-lene) poisoning

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4
Q

Oesophagus Stenosis causes

A

Scar, external pressure, persistent right 4th aortic arch, diaphragmatic hernia

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5
Q

Oesophagus Obstruction causes

A

Stenosis, foreign body, bloat, intussusception

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6
Q

Oesophagus Dilation causes

A

Secondary to stenosis (Spirocerca granuloma), achalasia (a.cha.la.sia), mega-oesophagus - congenital, Trypanosoma cruzi

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7
Q

Gastro-oesophageal Intussusception definition

A

Invagination of all or parts of the stomach into the thoracic oesophagus, possible spleen and pancreas too

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8
Q

Gastro-oesophageal Intussusception occurs in which animals

A

Large breed dogs esp. German Shepards, <3mths

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9
Q

What are the effects of Gastro-oesophageal intussusception

A

Acute regurgitation, dyspnoea, haematemesis, shock and death

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10
Q

List some neoplastic lesions of the oesophagus

A

Warts (dog, cattle), SCC in cats, spirocercosis

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11
Q

List some parasites of the oesophagus

A

Warbles, Gasterophilus in horses, Sarcocystis gigantea (sheep), Spirocerca lupi (dogs)

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12
Q

Achalasia definition

A

Failure of peristaltic wave

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13
Q

Oesophagitis causes

A

Viral, Bacterial and Mycotic

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14
Q

What are the viral agents that cause oesophagitis

A

Papular stomatitis, BVD, MCF, MD, rinderpest

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15
Q

What are the bacterial agents that cause oesophagitis

A

Necrobacillosis

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16
Q

What are the mycotic agents that cause oesophagitis

A

Thrush

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17
Q

List of foreign bodies/substances in the Forestomach

A

Trichobezoars (hair balls), phytobezoars (plant balls), lead, mercury droplets, toxic plant leaves, plastic drench ‘cartridges’, plastic bags, ropes

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18
Q

What are the possible sources of lead poisoning

A

Paint flakes, old batteries and sinkers

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19
Q

Bezoars definition

A

Mass of foreign material trapped in the digestive system

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20
Q

Rumen tympani is also referred to as what

A

Bloat

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21
Q

There are two primary causes of bloat

A

Primary and secondary

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22
Q

What is primary bloat

A

Frothy caused by grazing legumes > protein fermentation > foam produced

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23
Q

What is secondary bloat

A

Free gas due obstruction or vagal nerve damage

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24
Q

Rumenitis definition

A

Inflammation of the Rumen

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25
Rumenitis is synonymous for
Lactic (rumen) acidosis < Grain Overload
26
What causes grain overload
1)high intake of easy digestible carbohydrates 2)increase in VFA and D-lactic acid 3)Rumen pH < 5 4)Rumen protozoa die off 5)Acidosis, osmotic effect causing dehydration 6)increased contents, fermenting, acid smell
27
Rumen Necrobacillosis is caused by
Fusobacterium necrophorum and Arcanobacterium pyogenes invades the rumen wall and spread to liver and cause abscesses > invade caudal vena cava to cause thrombosis > emboli spread to the lungs > pulmonary embolic aneurysm (PEA)
28
Mycotic Rumenitis is caused by
Zygomycete fungi invade blood vessels causing infarcts
29
Sequelae of Rumen Acidosis
1)Frothy bloat 2)Ruminal necrobacillosis 3)Mycotic infarction 4)Liver abscesses 5)caudal vena cava thrombosis 6)PEA 7)Abomasal ulcers 8)Polioencephalomalacia 9)Laminitis
30
Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis is also called
Hardware disease - ingestion of nails and wire
31
What complications can occur from traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Fibrinous pericarditis (bread&butter heart), Rupture of forestomach/heart, brisket oedema, pulmonary oedema, ascites, vagal paralysis
32
What are some viral infections of forestomachs
IBR, MCF, BVD/MD, Papilloma, Parapox
33
What is a parasite of the rumen
Calicophoron calicophorum - paramphistomes (conical fluke)
34
Rumen poisoning
Heavy metals (e.g. arsenic, mercury), prussic acid (HCN, Urea, Numerous plants
35
What are some things that causes the stomach/abomasum to change positions
Diaphragmatic hernia, dilation, volvulus, abomasal displacement to the left
36
Gastric rupture can cause what in horses
Colic
37
What are some causes of circulatory disturbances in the stomach
Hyperaemia, Infarction, Haemorrhage, oedema
38
Circulatory disturbances - Hyperaemia, two types
Active and passive
39
Circulatory disturbances - Gastric infarction in pigs causes
Salmonella, E.coli, erysipelas, European swine fever, swine dysentery
40
Circulatory disturbances - Haemorrhage causes
Uraemia in dogs, gastric ulcers in cattle & pigs, cats and aspirin, haemonchus in sheep
41
Circulatory disturbances - Oedema causes
Oedema disease in pigs, cachexia, parasites, arsenic poisoning, MCF in cattle
42
Gastritis/Abomasitis causes (steer)
Ostertagia & Fusobacterium
43
Gastritis/Abomasitis causes (calf)
Arsenic poisoning, fusobacterium
44
Gastritis/Abomasitis causes (sheep)
Salmonellosis, Braxy due to Clostridium septicum, frozen feed - exotoxin
45
Gastric/Abomasal mucosal protective mechanisms
1)Bicarbonate covered mucus layer 2)Prostaglandins - stimulate bicarbonate, mucus secretion & blood flow
46
Gastric/Abomasal ulceration is caused by
1) NSAIDs e.g. aspirin - inhibit prostaglandin synthesis 2) Glucocorticoids & Stress - decrease epithelial turnover and arachidonic acid availability 3)Reduced mucosal perfusion (ischemia) - infarction, hypotension
47
Gastric/Abomasal ulceration effects
Arises due to effects of gastric acid and pepsin. Small ulcers may granulate and heal but large ulcers my bleed > melaena & haematemesis. Ulcers may become secondarily infected esp. by fungi. Ulcers my perforate > peritonitis
48
Abomasal ulcers in cattle is caused by
1)Excessive roughage in young calves 2)Secondary to atony 3)Lymphoma 4)BVD/MD, MFC & FMD
49
Ulceration of the pars oesophagus in young pigs is caused by
Feeding finely ground rations or high copper, excessive whey and starch, low protein and/or unsaturated fatty acid in diet
50
What is the consiquence of ulceration of pars oesophagea in young pigs
Fissures from in the parakeratotic epithelium, which become complicated by Candida, may lead to fatal gastrorrhagia
51
Ulceration in the fundus of older pigs cab be caused by
Hyostrongylus rubidus and can be fatal
52
Parasitic diseases of the stomach - horses
1)Gasterophilus larvae 2)Draschia (Habronema) megastoma 3)Trichostrongylus axei
53
Parasitic diseases of the stomach - pigs
Hyostrongylus rubidus
54
Parasitic disease of the stomach - sheep
1)Haemonchus - causes anaemia 2)Ostertagia/Teladorsagia larvae - Morocco leather look
55
Abomasal parasites of ruminants
1)Haemonchus contortus & H. placei - cause anaemia & bottle jaw 2)Ostertagia / Teladorsagia spp. - cause diarrhoea, bottle jaw, raised pepsinogen levels 3)Trichostrongylus axei - cause diarrhoea & bottle jaw
56
Feline stomach parasite
Ollulanus tricuspis
57
Neoplasms of the stomach - Cats
Gastric lymphoma
58
Neoplasms of the stomach - Dog
Gastric carcinoma
59
Neoplasms of the stomach - Horse
SCC
60
Gastric / Abomasal Malignant Neoplasm
Lymphoma or carcinoma
61
Gastric / Abomasal Benign Neoplasm
Adenoma, Leiomyoma (older dogs)

Systemic Pathology (14 decks)

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