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Systemic Pathology > YR3 7 AS HO3 - Intestine > Flashcards

YR3 7 AS HO3 - Intestine Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Structural/Function Disorders Intestine; Classes

A

1)Congenital 2)Structural 3)Accidents/displacements

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2
Q

Structural/Function Disorders Intestine - Congenital

A

1)Atresia 2)Aplasia/Hypoplasia 3)Schistosomus reflexus

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3
Q

Atresia definition; examples

A

Part of the bowel that is occluded 1)Atresia Ani -Enlarged abdomen, imperforate anus, unable to defecate +/- surgical correction 2)Intestinal Atresia 3)Caecocolic Atresia - lack of fat around intestine 4)Segmental Blind-end Colonic Atresia - inherited in Friesians

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4
Q

Structural/Function Disorders Intestine - Structural; types (e.g.)

A

Secondary to congenital; 1)Acquired internal blockage e.g. worms, foreign bodies 2)External compression e.g. neoplasia, granuloma 3)Functional paralysis e.g. paralytic ileus, grass sickness

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5
Q

Consequences of intestinal obstruction - Upper vs.. Lower or Simple vs. Strangulated

A

1)Upper - Acute, severe and rapid w/ haemoconcentration > electrolyte depletion > alkalosis 2)Lower (colon) - less acute (even chronic) > toxaemia 3) Strangulated - engorged segments, fluid & electrolytes lost > toxaemia & shock

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6
Q

Structural/Function Disorders Intestine - Accidents/Displacements types

A

1)Volvulus/torsion - ‘redgut of sheep’ 2)Intussusception 3)Eventration - surgical wound, umbilical at birth, traumatic, schistosomus reflexus (foetal anomaly) 4)Internal hernia - diaphragmatic, tear in the mesentery/omentum, epiploic foramen & nephrospenic space (horse) 5)External hernia - ventral e.g. pregnancy, umbilical - often inherited, inguinal/scrotal, perineal - male dogs with prostatic disease

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7
Q

In Horses, torsion and volvulus cause

A

Colic

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8
Q

Miscellaneous disorders of the intestines

A

1)Intestinal liposuscinosis (‘brown bowel’ dog) 2)Smooth muscles hypertrophy of terminal ileum - pigs & horses 3)Diverticulosis - sheep 4)Intestinal emphysema - pigs 5)Haemomelasma ilei - horses (Strongylus edentatus) 6)Rectal prolapse - pig, sheep, cattle

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9
Q

Intestinal Diverticulosis (sheep)

A

Cystic mucosal pouches through defects in the intestinal wall

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10
Q

Intestinal Emphysema (pig)

A

Incidental finding in pigs at slaughter

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11
Q

Changes to normal structure/function in enteritis

A

1)Irritation > increased mucus secretion 2)Increased exfoliation / desquamation 3)Increased mitotic rate in crypts 4)Necrosis of villous epithelium, contraction of lamina propria > shorting of villi 5)Replacement by cells less differentiated - cuboidal/squamous

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12
Q

Pathogenesis of Enteritis

A

Necrosis of villous epithelium > crypt hyperplasia. Necrosis in crypts > villi become denuded, mucosa ‘collapses’. Deficient digestion & absorption > Deficient absorption of protein & water > wasting & dehydration. Loss of electrolytes

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13
Q

What is the ultimate result of enteritis

A

Diarrhoea

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14
Q

Diarrhoea is

A

Relative excess of water compared to faecal dry matter

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15
Q

Diarrhoea can occur in the small or large bowel and causes

A

Dehydration, electrolytes depleted, acid-base balance upset

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16
Q

Small Bowel Diarrhoea; types, e.g.

A

1)Secretory - bacterial enterotoxins e.g. E.coli 2)Malabsorptive - osmotic retention in lumen (MgSO4) e.g. Villus atrophy (TGE) 3)Effusive - hydrostatic/oncotic pressure gradient e.g. inflammation (Salmonella. Clostridium, Yersinia)

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17
Q

Large Bowel Diarrhoea; types, e.g.

A

1)Loss of absorptive epithelium e.g. ulcers 2)Fatty acid production (osmotic) - products of bacterial fermentation e.g. castor oil 3)Reduction in net absorption e.g. Johne’s 4)Intestines become flaccid, hypomobile

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18
Q

Inflammation of the intestines; types

A

1)Small intestine - enteritis (duodenitis, jejunitis, ileitis 2)Caecum - typhlitis 3)Ileocaecal valve - typhlodicliditis (ty.phlo.di.cli.di.tis) 5)Colon - colitis 6)Rectum - proctitis

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19
Q

Enteritis; types, cause

A

1)Lymphoplasmacytic - IBD 2)Eosinophilic - parasites 3)Granulomatous - Johne’s 4)Pseudomembranous - Salmonella 5)Necrotic - Parvo 6)Catarrhal - parasites

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20
Q

Colitis; types, cause

A

1)Lymphoplasmacytic 2)Histolytic - Boxer Colitis 3)Ulcerative - Shigella / Pyogranulomatous - Johne’s 4)Dysentery - Swine-Brachyspira hyodyseteriae 5)Haematochezia

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21
Q

Chronic Enteritis / Colitis - Parasites

A

Eosinophilc

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22
Q

Chronic Enteritis / Colitis - Bacterial

A

Johne’s disease - granulomatous

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23
Q

Atrophic Enteritis

A

Sprue 1)Stunting & atrophy of villi 2)Fusion of villi 3)Covered with less differentiated epithelium & fewer microvilli 4)Increased inflammatory cells in lamina propria 5)May be manifestation of chronic disease

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24
Q

Viral Enteritis; name, species

A

1)Rotavirus - calves 2)Coronavirus - calves, pigs, cats, dogs 3)Parvovirus - cats, dogs 4)Morbillivirus - rinderpest, distemper in pups 5)Pestivirus - BVD, Hog Cholera 6)Herpesvirus

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25
Rotavirus; pathogenesis
Upper small intestine > superficial damage to villi > villus atrophy > osmotic diarrhoea. Secondary bacterial (E.coli) or protozoa (Cryptosporidium) infection. Neonates that receive no colostrum prone
26
Coronavirus; pathogenesis
Lower small intestine & colon > superficial damage to villi > villus atrophy > osmotic diarrhoea
27
Coronavirus; pigs
1)Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) 2)Epidemic diarrhoea 3)Vomiting & wasting disease
28
Coronavirus; cats
Feline Infectious Peritonitis 1)Immune complex form (delayed hypersensitivity reaction) 2)Vasculitis & Multifocal granulomas 3)Mixed Inflammatory infiltrates 4)Wet and dry forms 5)Enteritis in 6-12wk kittens > kitten mortality complex & cardiomyopathy
29
Canine Parvovirus Enteritis; intestinal lesions
Macro: Serosal surface - Fibrin strands, patchy hyperaemia, surface appear finely granular, Mucosal surface - blood-tinged contents, surface dull, yellow & fissured and lacking epithelium. Micro: crypt regeneration and nuclear inclusion
30
Feline Infectious Enteritis; intestinal lesions
Panleukopenia. Intestine empty; mucosa may be covered with mucus or have scattered petechiae
31
Parvovirus Enteritis; affected tissues
1)Intestinal crypts 2)Bone marrow (esp. cats) 3)Myocardium(3-8wk pups) 4)Lymphoid tissue (thymic atrophy) 5)Cerebellar hypoplasia (kittens in utero) 6)Nuclear inclusions
32
Classical Swine Fever; lesions
Hog Cholera - Very sick pig 1)'Turkey egg' kidney 2)'Button ulcers' colon. DD - Salmonellosis
33
Bovine Virus Diarrhoea; lesions
Prolapsed crypt in Peyer's patch in ileum. Crypts contain abscesses
34
Bacterial Enteritis; name
E.coli, Salmonellosis, Yersiniosis, Paratuberculosis, Lawsonia intracellularis, Campylobacter infections, Swine dysentery, Spirochaetal colitis, Rhodococcus equi, Clostridial diseases
35
Enteritis - Escherichia coli; disease
Enteric colibacillosis aka 'white scours' - new born calves
36
Enteritis - Escherichia coli; pathogens
1)Pathogenic strains Ruminants:K99 & Pig:K88 2) Enterotoxins > Enterotoxigenic (ETEC), Enteropathogenic (EPEC), Enteroinvasive (EIEC), Enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) & Verotoxic (VTEC)
37
Enteritis - Escherichia coli; primary effects
1)Bacteraemia from enteric infection or navel ill (om.pha.lo.phle.bitis) 2)Septicaemia 3)Cystitis/pyelonephritis 4)Mastitis - Cows, Sow, Bitches
38
Enteric colibacillosis; Secondary Supperative lesions
1)Joints (arthritis) 2)Meninges (meningitis) 3)Focal interstitial nephritis ('white spotted kidney')
39
Oedema Disease; species, agent
Recently weaned pigs by Verotoxic strain of E.coli (Shiga toxin)
40
Oedema Disease; pathogenesis
Endothelial damage leads to oedema of eyelids, nose & ears and greater curvature of the stomach & colon
41
Oedema Disease; lesions
Infarcts in gastric wall, ascites, hydrothorax, hyropericardium w/ fibrin strands, symmetrical encephalomalacia of brain stem and fibrinoid necrosis of small arteries
42
Post-weaning Diarrhoea in Pigs; agent, lesion
ETEC, gastric infarction
43
Salmonellosis; pathogens
Typhimurium, Dublin, Hindmarsh, Brandenburg, Choleraesuis
44
Salmonellosis; types of inflammation
1) Acute/Chronic enteritis 2)Typhlitis 3)Colitis
45
Salmonellosis; diseases/effects
1) Pneumonia 2)Septicaemia 3)Abortion 4)Arthritis, Meningitis
46
Salmonellosis - ruminants; lesions
Macro: 1)Catarrhal enteritis 2)fibronecrotic enteritis/typhlocolitis/abomasitis Micro: Disseminate foci of necrosis in the liver & spleen
47
Salmonellosis - pigs; lesions, DD
1)Splenomegaly 2)Gastric infarcts 2)colonic lesions - acute to chronic, 'button' lesions in the latter. DD classical swine fever
48
Salmonellosis - horses; agent, affected
S.Typhimurium, Young & Old
49
Salmonellosis - horses; diseases/effects
1)Fibronecrotic enterocolitis 2)Pneumonia 3)Polyarthritis 3)Meningoencephalitis 4)Septicaemia
50
Salmonellosis - horses; DDx
1) Colitis X 2)Ehrlichia risticii (Potomac Horse Fever)
51
Yersiniosis; pathogens, cause, species
1)Yersinia psuedotuberculosis > Gastroenterocolitis and/or abortion - cattle, sheep, goats & farmed dear 2)Y. enterocolitica > Enterocolitis - goats, sheep, pig
52
Yersiniosis; lesions, signs
1)Lesions in intestine, mesenteric LN, liver & placenta 2)Enteritis often haemorrhagic, Subclinical infections & carriers
53
Paratuberculosis aka
Johne's disease
54
Paratuberculosis; pathogens
1)Mycobacterium avium 2)Paratuberculosis
55
Paratuberculosis; animals
Mature cattle, sheep, deer, goats
56
Paratuberculosis; pathogenesis
Ileum mainly, also jejunum, caecum, proximal colon. Long incubation period. Granulomatous inflammation. Stained by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain (acid-fast organism)
57
Johne's Disease; signs/macro lesions
1)Sunken eye in socket 2)Sever diarrhoea, wasting & dehydration 3)Bovine serosal surface of ileum - cerebriform pattern / nodular lymphangitis 4)Ovine serosal surface of ileum - prominent lymphatics 5)Ileal mucosa thickened with transverse folds 6)Ileal serosal & mesenteric lymphangitis 7)Ileocaecal lymphadenitis
58
Johne's Disease; micro lesions
1)Focal necrosis in ileocaecal lymphadenitis (dear, goat - DD Tb) 2) Epitheloid macrophages, + lymphocytes,Langerhans' giant cells, plasma cells & neutrophils 3)Inflammatory foci in liver 4)Clumps of AFO in faecal smear
59
Lawsonia Intracellularis - pigs; disease
Porcine Intestinal Adenomatosis (PIA)
60
Lawsonia Intracellularis - PIA; lesions
Macro 1)Cerebriform appearance of SI serosal surface 2)Necrotic ileitis 3)Proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE) - congealed blood cast Micro 1)Epithelial cell nuclei
61
Lawsonia Intracellularis - PIA; diag.
Warthin-Starry silver stain, intracellular comma-shaped bacteria
62
Campylobacter infections; pathogen, species
C.jejuni - Dogs, cats, cattle, sheep
63
Swine dysentery; agent
Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodosenteriae - highly infectious
64
Swine dysentery; pathogenesis
Dysentery due to fibrinonectrotic colitis
65
Swine dysentery; diag.
Warthin-Starry silver stain
66
Spirochaetal Colitis; agent, cause
Brachyspira pilosicoli, Diarrhoea & ill-thrift
67
Spirochaetal Colitis; diag.
Warthin-Starry silver stain
68
Rhodococcus equi - horse; lesions
Macro 1)Pyogranulomatous pneumonia 2)Ulcerative typhlocolitis Micro 1)Gram +ve rods within macrophages
69
Enteric Clostridial Infections; pathogen
Clostridium perfringens (Type A,B,C,D)
70
Clostridium perfringens Type A; causes
1)Clotis X of horses 2)Gas gangrene, false blackleg
71
Clostridium perfringens Type B; causes
Lamb dysentery (also in calves, foals)
72
Clostridium perfringens Type C; causes
1)Necrotic enteritis in piglets, lambs, calves 2)'Struck' sheep
73
Clostridium perfringens Type D; causes
? toxin - Enterotoxaemia ('pulpy kidney') - sheep, goats, cattle
74
Clostridium perfringens - dogs; lesions
Enterorrhagia, necrosis of superficial mucosa
75
Protozoal Enteritis; agents
1)Coccidiosis 2)Cryptosporidium 3)Giardia infection 4)Tritrichomonas foetus spp foetus
76
Coccidiosis - cattle; agents
Eimeria zuernii, E.bovis
77
Coccidiosis - sheep, goat; agents
Eimeria spp.
78
Coccidiosis - sheep, goat; causes
1)Enteritis 2)Diarrhoea 3)Dehydration 4)Acidosis
79
Coccidiosis - sheep, goat; lesions
Macro 1)Enlarged mesenteric LN 2)Multi. proliferated nodules 3)Ascites 4)Lung oedema in young goats Micro 1)Gametocytes in epithelial cells 2)Oocysts in faeces
80
Coccidiosis - pig; agents
Isospora spp. (suis)
81
Coccidiosis - dog, cat; agents
Isospora spp.
82
Gastrointestinal Nematodes
1)Toxocara canis 2)Parascaris equorum 3)Oesophagostomum spp. 4)Cyanostomes 5)Anoplocephala perfoliata 6)Moniezia spp.
83
Toxocara canis
SI of young dog
84
Paracaris equorum
SI of yearling horse
85
Oesophagostomum
Multifocal nodular parasitic enteritis
86
Cyathostomes
Small Strongyles of horse. Forms nematode granuloma
87
Anaplocephala perfoliata
Causes abscesses and stenosis of caecocolic region in horses
88
Moniezia spp.
Sheep
89
Tumours/Neoplasm of the Intestinal tract
1)Small intestinal adenocarcinoma (sheep) 2)Lymphoma (cats esp.) 3)Leiomyoma (old dogs) 4)Mast cell tumour (cats, dogs) - histamine - stomach ulcers, Zollinger Ellison syndrome
90
Ovine small intestinal adenocarcinoma
Nodules on the serosal surface > metastases in liver

Systemic Pathology (14 decks)

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