Zoology Flashcards by Jane Kareem

What is zoology?

It is the branch of zoology that studies animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystem. It studies the behaviour, structure and evolution of these animals.

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General characteristics of kingdom Animalia

Feeding is heterotrophic, holozoic and saprozoic
Cellulose is absent
Metabolism involves production of toxic nitrogenous waste.
Organic compounds are not synthesized from inorganic constituents
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or multicellular
No cell walls
Reproduce sexually

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What is systematics?

The study of biological diversity and classification. It is the classification of organisms by evolutionary relationship.

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What is Taxonomy?

It is the study of the theory, procedure, and rules of classification of organisms, according to the similarities and differences between them.

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What is described as polyphyletic?

Groups that have two or more separate recent common ancestors.

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Who established the binomial nomenclature system of naming?

Carolus Linnaeus

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What are the steps involved in classification?

Ordering
Grouping
Categorizing
Cataloguing

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What are the steps involved in systematics?

Identification/Distinction
Classification
Nomenclature
Evolution/Phylogeny

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To which phylum do most parasites belong?

Protozoa
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Arthropoda

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What are the type of specie?

Taxonomic species
Morphospecies
Palaeospecies
Biospecies
Agamospecies
Typospecies
Sibling/critic species

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Morphospecies

Named only by morphological criteria

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Taxonomic species

Fulfil all criteria

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Palaeospecies

Extinct group from fossil materials only

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Biospecies

They fulfil the breeding requirements of the definition

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Agamospecies

They reproduce only asexually and are treated as morphospecies

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Typospecies

Defined by fixed, essential features

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Sibling/critic species

Too similar morphological differences revealed by similar studies

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What is biogeography?

It is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographical space through geological time

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Biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of…

Latitude
Elevation
Isolation
Habitat area

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Types of biogeographical distribution

Cosmopolitan
Endemic
Focal
Continuous
Disjoint

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Cosmopolitan distribution

Found everywhere habitable

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Endemic distribution

Restricted distribution

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Focal distribution

Localised, limited, more specific than endemic

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Continuous distribution

Study These Flashcards

Widespread

Disjoint distribution

Not widespread

What are the zoo-geographical regions of the world?

``` Nearctic Palaeartic Ethiopian Oriental Neotropical Australasian Polynesian New Zealand Malagascan ```

What is the authority of a name?

The authority of a name is the one who identified a specie first.

What are the various taxonomic characters?

``` Morphological Chemical Biochemical Physiological Behavioural Developmental Ecological Geographical ```

What are the sources of phylogenetic information?

Comparative morphology Comparative biochemistry Comparative cytology Fossil records

Comparative morphology

Examining shapes and sizes of organismal structures

Comparative biochemistry

Examining sequences of amino acids and nucleotides

Comparative cytology

Examining variation in numbers, shapes, sizes of chromosomes

Fossil records

Examining extinct organisms

Characteristics of classification

``` Man-made Hierarchical Sign post Composed of taxa For orderly storage and retrieval of info Continuously under review Could be controversial ```

Which taxonomic characters require precaution?

Size Colour Patterning

What are the characteristics of scientific names?

``` Precise Latinized Universal Binomial Reflects attributes ```

What is ontogeny?

It refers to the development of an individual during a lifetime.

What is phylogeny?

The history of the development of a species, genus or phylum

What are the stages of embryological development?

Fertilization Zygote Cleavage (blastula with blastocoel - mitosos) Gastrulation (movement, formation of germ layers) Organogenesis (tissue and organ formation)

By what process does the blastula cleave to the blastocoel?

Mitosis

How many types of phylogenetic relationships are there?

Three

What are the types of phylogenetic relationships?

Monophyletic Paraphyletic Polyphyletic

Monophyletic relationship

Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all descendants of that ancestor (mono = same or one)

Paraphyletic relationship

Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group but not all the descendants

Polyphyletic relationship

does not includes the most recent common ancestor of the group; at least two evolutionary origins

How many subkingdoms are invertebrates divided into?

Three (3)

What are the subkingdoms that invertebrates are divided into?

Protozoa - single cell Parazoa - aggregates of cells Metazoa - tissues and organs

How many grades of metazoans are there?

Two (2)

What are the grades of metazoans?

Radiata | Bilateria

What are the levels of organization in animals?

``` Unicellular Cellular Metazoa Tissue grade Organ grade Organ-system grade ```

What is the classification of organisms based on tissue development?

Parazoa (sponges) - no tissues | Eumetazoa - possess tissues

What are the major evolutionary differences among animals?

Development of Tissues Development of Body plans Development of Cavities Developmental Origin of the coelom

Not all multicellular organisms possess tissues. True or False?

True

How are organisms classified based on body plan?

1. Number of embyonic cell layers 2. Pattern of body and structure 3. Symmetry

What is the classification of organisms based on symmetry?

1. Radiata (radial symmetry, diplobastic - mesoderm replaced with mesoglea, a gelatinous substance) 2. Bilateria (bilateral symmetry)

What are the classes of organisms based on the development of body cavities?

1. Acoelomates (no body cavities) 2. Pseudocoelomates (body cavity not surrounded by mesoderm) 3. Coelomates (body cavity surrounded by mesoderm)

How are coelomates grouped?

Based on: - pattern of cell cleavage during early developemt - when cell developmental fate is determined - when coelom is formed - how digestive tract is formed during gastrulation

What are the subkingdoms of protozoa?

``` Ampicomplexa Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora Mycrospora Myxospora ```

What are the types of cells in porifera?

``` Epithelial cells Pore cells Flagellated collar cells Mesentary cells Amebocytes ```

Zoology Flashcards

(59 cards)