ZOOLOGY CLASS Flashcards by Lafreda Elliott

PROTOZOANS [protist phyla]:

[TAXONOMY]…
DOMAIN: eukaryote
KINGDOM: protista 
PHYLUM: protozoa
 -subphylum ( mycetozoa & sarcodina) 
CLASS: amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, & apicomplexa

DEFINE:
-a single-celled microscopic animal of a group of phyla of the kingdom Protista, such as an amoeba, flagellate, ciliate, or sporozoan.

PROTISTS CATAGORY:
- placed in the animal-like protists category (shares some traits with animals)

CHARACTERISTICS:

Amoeboid protozoans (sarcodines), flagellates (zooflagellates), Ciliated protozoans (ciliates), & the Sporozoan.
protozoa= heterotrophic protists
unicellular
three features that ALL protists have in common:

all have cells that are eukaryotic.
all live in a moist environment.
all are aerobic organisms that undergo cellular respiration in the mitochondria. Even the autotrophic ones undergo cellular respiration after they produce their own food.

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PHYLUM CILIOPHORA [protozoans]:

[TAXONOMY]…

COMMON NAME: ciliated protozoans
DOMAIN: eukaryote
KINGDOM: protista 
PHYLUM: ciliophora 
CLASS: ciliatea
ORDER: 
FAMILY: 
GENUS (capitalized): Helicostomella
SPECIES(lower cased): helicostomella subulata

DEFINE:
-class of protozoa having cilia or hair-like appendages on part or all of the surface during some part of the life cycle.

PROTISTS CATAGORY: Animal-Like

CHARACTERISITCS:

consists of paramecium & blepharisma
heterotrophs (they eat things outside of themselves. don’t producing their own food.)
uses CILIA (thin-like tail. that moves in a back n forth motion to move the protist along.)

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PHYLUM SARCODINA [protozoans]:

[TAXONOMY]…

COMMON NAME: amoeboid protozoans
DOMAIN: eukaryote
KINGDOM: protista
PHYLUM: protozoa
CLASS: mastigophora, opalinata, & sarcodina
-subclass (rhizopoda, actinopoda, & lobosea)
ORDER: euamoebida
FAMILY: thecamoebidae & vannellidae
GENUS (capitalized): Thecamoeba & Vannella
SPECIES( lower cased): planulina wuellerstorfi, thecamoeba munda, & thecamoeba orbis

DEFINE:
-a subphylum or other taxonomic group of protozoans of the phylum Sarcomastigophora that includes protozoans forming pseudopodia which ordinarily serve as organs for locomotion and taking food

PROTISTS CATEGORY: Animal-Like

CHARACTERISTICS:
-transient pseudopodia (temporary feet-like structures that propel the cell forward. ex: The Amoeba & radiolarians)

OTHER INFORMATION:
-sporozoa, cnidospora, ciliophora, & sarcomastigophora (classified as a subphylum) 
- subphylum sarcomastigophora is put into 3 classes (mastigophora, opalinata, & sarcodina)
the class sarcodina has 3 subclasses (rhizopoda, actinopoda, & lobosea)

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PHYLUM SPOROZOA [protozoans]:

[TAXONOMY]…

COMMON NAME: parasitic protozoans
DOMAIN: eukaryote
KINGDOM: protista 
PHYLUM:  protozoa
CLASS: sporozoa
ORDER: archigregarinida, eucoccidiida, eugregarinida neogregarinida, protococcida, & toxoplasmida
FAMILY: actinocephalidae & porosporidae
GENUS (capitalized): Nematopsis 
SPECIES( lower cased): nematopsis ostrearum

DEFINE:
-organisms that share common characteristics such as being one-celled, non-motile, parasitic, and spore-forming.

PROTISTS CATEGORY: Animal- Like

CHARACTERISITCS:

requires 2 hosts invertebrate & vertebrate.
alternates between sexual & asexual stages.
A.K.A apicomplexa.
most common organism in this group (Coccidia, Piroplasms, Malaria parasites (Plasmodium), & Haemoproteus)
either exist as parasites or as free-living organisms
relies solely on gliding & twisting for mobility
produces spores that causes disease in the host & develops into new protist.
Plasmodium (malaria, vivax, & falciparum), toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), coccidian, babesia, cryptosporidium & gregarian [are a parasitic and pathogenic species].

OTHER INFORMATION:

subphylum (mycetozoa)
superclass (acanthophractida)
subclass ( coccidia & telosporea)

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PHYLUM FLAGELLATES [protozoans]:

[TAXONOMY]…

COMMON NAME: flagellated protozoans
DOMAIN: eukaryote
KINGDOM: protista 
PHYLUM: sarcomastigophora 
CLASS: opalinata, phytomastigophora, & zoomastigophora
ORDER: diplomonadida
FAMILY: hexamitidae 
GENUS (capitalized): Giardia Kunstler
SPECIES( lower cased): giardia lamblia

DEFINE:
-any cell or organism (especially microscopic) that has one or more flagella.

PROTISTS CATEGORY: Animal-Like

CHARACTERISTICS:

have long flagella, or tails that rotate in a propeller-like fashion.
A.K.A zooflagellates

OTHER INFORMATION:

Trypanosoma (causes African sleeping sickness)
subphylum (mastigophora)

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PHYLUM PORIFERA [metazoan]:

[TAXONOMY]…

COMMON NAME: sponges
DOMAIN: eukaryotes
KINGDOM: Animalia (subkingdom: radiata) 
PHYLUM: porifera  
(4) CLASSES: 	Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, 	& Homoscleromorpha 
ORDER: 25 
FAMILY: 133 
GENUS (capitalized): 672
SPECIES(lower cased): 11

DEFINE:

a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals that comprises the sponges.

PROTIST CATEGORY: animal-like

CHARACTERISTICS:

Aquatic
Lacking organ Systems
Filter Feeders
Regenerate quickly
Archeocytes can turn into other cells
Both Sexual and Asexual
Budding
Viviparous
Canal system
Covered in pores

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[lecture #1]

WHAT ARE THE TWO WAYS TO EXPLAIN THE WORLD AROUND US?

ANSWER: Supernaturalism & naturalism

(supernaturalism) means that the world has natural rules, but there is still opportunity for the unexplained to occur.
(naturalism) means that everything in the world can be explained.

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[lecture #1]

DEFINITION: evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.

MICROEVOLUTION

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[lecture #1]

DEFINITION: The study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals.

GENERAL ZOOLOGY

comes from the Greek word “ZOE” meaning “LIFE”
“ZOA” is also a Greek word meaning “ANIMAL”

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[lecture #1]

DEFINITION: the study of living organisms, divided into many specialized fields that cover their morphology, physiology, anatomy, behavior, origin, and distribution.

BIOLOGY

“BIO” is a Greek word meaning ‘‘LIFE’’

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[lecture #1]

DEFINITION: branch of biology that deals with the study of plants, including their structure, properties, and biochemical processes.

BOTANY

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[lecture #1]

DEFINITION: the study of the biology of microscopic organisms - viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa.

MICROBIOLOGY

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[lecture #1]

WHAT ARE THE (5) FUNDAMENTALS OF LIFE?

ANSWER:

) all living things REPRODUCE
) all living things CAPTURE ENERGY
) all living things respond to STIMULI/STIMULATION
) all living things have CELLS
) all living things contain INFORMATION

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[lecture #1]

WHAT ARE THE MAIN GROUPS OF ORGANISMS THAT CAN HARM YOU?

*hint: there are (4) of them

ANSWER:

) Bacteria
) Viruses/Prions
) Fungai
) Parasites (Some are animals)

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[lecture #1]

WHAT ARE THE OTHER AREAS OF STUDY IN 300 & 400 LEVEL ZOOLOGY CLASSES?

*hint: there are (6) of them

ANSWER:

) Mammalogy- The study of MAMMALS
)Ornithology- The study of BIRDS
) Herpetology- The study of REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS
) Entomology- The study of INSECTS
) Ichthyology- The study of FISH
) Ethology- The study of ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

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[lecture #1]

WHAT ARE THE MOST SUCCESSFUL ORGANISMS ON THE PLANET?

ANSWER:

bacteria & plants (arthropods & fish)

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[lecture #1]

WHAT CRITERIA SHOULD WE USE TO DETERMINE SUCCESS?

ANSWER:

) BIOMASS (bacteria/ plants)
) DIVERSITY (arthropods, beetles, & butterflies)
) ACCOMPLISHMENTS (humans)

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[lecture #1]

DEFINITION: an evolutionary family tree that protist/predicts relationships and common ancestry.

PHYLOGENY

-phylogenies (plural)

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[lecture #1]

DEFINITION: is the idea that, given a set of possible explanations, the simplest explanation is the most likely to be correct.

PARSIMONY

-A.K.A: “OCCAM’S RAZOR” WHICH STATES: Among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected.

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[lecture #1]

DEFINITION: a major division of the animal kingdom that comprises all animals other than protozoans and sponges. They are multicellular animals with differentiated tissues.

METAZOA

“META” is a Greek word meaning “AFTER”
“ZOA” is a Greek word meaning “ANIMAL”

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[lecture #1

DEFINITION: having a body derived from three embryonic cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), as in all multicellular animals except sponges and coelenterates.

*hint: all multicellular animals have this except for sponges & anemone.

TRIPLOBLASTIC

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[lecture #1]

DEFINITION: having a body derived from only two embryonic cell layers (ectoderm and endoderm, but NO MESODERM).

DIPLOBLASTIC

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[lecture #1]

          WHAT IS THE "BLASTULA STAGE" ?

ANSWER: Characteristics that unites ALL commonality of the animals on a phylogeny chart.

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[lecture #1]

      EXPLAIN AND DEFINE '' THE BLASTULA FORMATION"!

ANSWER: The process where cells get smaller as it reproduces by “2” during the embryonic development. (only humans and frogs go through this process.)

EXPLANATION:

step 1: fertilized egg
step 2: 2-cell stage
step 3: 4-cell stage
step 4: 8-cell stage
step 5: morula forms
step 6: blastula forms (The blastula is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres)
step 7: early gastrula/gastrula ( an early multicellular embryo)

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[lecture #1] WHAT ARE THE (9) PHYLA THAT IS BEING COVERED IN THIS ZOOLOGY CLASS?

ANSWER: 1. ) PORIFERA (sponges) 2. ) CNIDARIANS (jellyfish and sea anemones) 3. ) PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms) 4. ) NEMATODA (roundworms) 5. ) MOLLUSCA (squids, octopi, snails, slugs, bivalves) 6. ) ANNELIDA (segmented worms) 7. ) ARTHROPODA (insects, arachnids, crustaceans) 8. ) ECHINODERMATA (starfish, urchins, sea cucumbers) 9. ) CHORDATA (primarily vertebrates: looking into subphylum's/orders)

[lecture #1] WHAT DOES "HAREM STAND FOR?

ANSWER: H- habitats (where they are found) A- associations (nervous systems & how the organisms associate with other animals) R- reproduction (methods/techniques & strategies) E- energy acquisition & excretion (how they get food & poop) (also plants don't excretion systems) M- movement, morphology, and (miscellaneous: things we don't cover)

[lecture #1] DEFINITION: the study of the forms of things.

MORPHOLOGY - from German Morphologie - "MORPHO" meaning shape - "LOGY" meaning the study of

[lecture #1] WHAT ARE THE (5) KINGDOMS OF EUKARYOTES?

ANSWER: 1. ) Protista 2. ) Animalia 3. ) Fungi 4. ) Plantae 5. ) Bacteria

[lecture #1] DEFINITION: any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. *hint: includes all living organisms other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria.

EUKARYOTES

[lecture #1] DEFINITION: prokaryotic microorganisms consisting of a single cell lacking a nucleus and containing DNA is a single circular chromosome.

EUBACTERIA

[lecture #1] DEFINITION: Unicellular microorganisms in the domain Archaea. (doesn't have a distinct nucleus)

ARCHAEBACTERIA - The term "ARCHAEA" is derived from a Greek word, "ARCHAIOS" which means primitive or ancient.

[fungi] DEFINITION: the mass of interwoven filamentous hyphae that forms especially the vegetative portion of the thallus of a fungus and is often submerged in another body (as of soil or organic matter or the tissues of a host) SHORT DEFINITION: a similar mass of filaments formed by some bacteria (such as Streptomyces).

MYCELIUM

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: single-celled eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have nuclei) that commonly show characteristics usually associated with animals, most notably mobility and heterotrophy. *hint: They are often grouped in the kingdom Protista together with the plant-like algae and fungus-like water molds & slime molds.

PROTOZOA

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: a kingdom or large grouping that comprises mostly single-celled organisms such as the protozoa, simple algae, fungi, slime molds, and bacteria. (some have both plant and animal characteristics).

PROTISTA

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: (of a group of organisms) descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group. *hint: protist are not this...

MONOPHYLETIC

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: An extensive artificial group of invertebrates, having all the parts arranged radially around the vertical axis of the body, and the various organs repeated symmetrically in each ray or spheromere. *hint: includes the coelenterates and the echinoderms.

RADIATA

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: a major division of the animal kingdom comprising all multicellular forms except the sponges.

EUMETAZOA

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: a major division of the animal kingdom comprising all bilateral animals (such as the chordates) that lack ectomesoderm and have indeterminate cleavage and a mouth that does not arise from the blastopore.

DEUTEROSTOMIA

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: includes the majority of extant animal biodiversity, including Arthropoda (spiders, insects, and crustaceans), Chordata (vertebrates and amphioxus), and Mollusca (land snails and squids).

BILATERIA

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: A small spherical organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant cells. *HINT: Up to 1 mm in diameter and bounded by a single membrane, it synthesizes and stores lipids.

SPHEROSOME

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: any member of the lower invertebrate phyla in which the mouth appears before the anus during development.

PROTOSTOMIA

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: an organism in early stages of development, before hatching from an egg.

EMBRYONIC

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: an organism that eats other organisms.

HETEROTROPHY - German words "HETERO" meaning "OTHER" and "TROPHY" meaning "EATING."

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: both an organism that will eat other organisms and make its own food. *hint: used especially among symbionts and partial parasites.

MIXOTROPHS

[lecture #2] | A SPECIES THAT CURRENTLY EXISTS IS CALLED WHAT?

ANSWER: EXTANT SPECIES

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: a group of cells that are the same.

UNICELLULAR

[lecture #2] WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A "COLONIAL" ORGANISM AND A "MULTICELLULAR" ORGANISM?

ANSWER: - colonial organisms are "UNSPECIALIZED. - multicellular organisms are "SPECIALIZED".

[lecture #2] DEFINITION: two organisms that are intimately connected.

SYMBIOSES

[lecture #3] DEFINITION: meaning "collard" flagellates or "funnel" flagellates. *hint: NOT metazoans, but considered close relatives.

CHOANOFLAGELLATES

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: cells with tiny hairs or tiny fingers.

MICROVILLI -vill/villos is Latin for hair/hairy.

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: an extracellular matrix consisting of a collagen-like gel with suspended cells. *hint: also know as "middle stuff"

MESOHYLE

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: mish mesh of different substances outside the cells (like a cartilage).

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM)

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: collard and flagellated filter feeders

CHOANOCYTES

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: cells that cover the external surface, attach to each other, and form the only basic tissue in sponges.

PINACOCYTES -"skin" cells

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: to devour bacteria or other material.

PHAGOCYTIZE

[lecture#3] WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE MODIFIED PINACOCYTE CELLS THAT HELP TO OPEN AND CLOSE PORES/ OPENINGS IN A PROIFERA?

ANSWER: MYOCYTES "MUSCLE CELLS"

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: are amoeboid cells found in sponges. They are totipotent and have different functions depending on the species.

ARCHAEOCYTES

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: has the capabilities of a stem cell. becomes any cell that the sponge needs.

TOTIPOTENT -totally potent

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: secrete spicules with hard support structures made from calcium or silicon molecules.

SCLEROCYTES -SCLER meaning "hard"

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: a type of fiber with a protein- based support structure.

COLLENCYTES (collagen) - COLL meaning "glue".

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: secrete spongin fibers that is also a protein-based support structure just like collagen.

SPONGOCYTES (spongin) -SPONG meaning "sponge"

[lecture#3] GIVE THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE WORD [SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS]

ANSWER: ``` SOMATIC= general body cells EMBRYO= early- developmental stage GENESIS= early- creation of ```

[lecture#3] DEFINITION: collection of units or particles (cells) forming a body or mass.

AGGREGATE

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: an evolutionary trend in which the mouth, sense organs, and nerve ganglia become concentrated at the front end of an animal, forming of a head.

CEPHALIZATION

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: an organism that lacks a body cavity between the digestive tract and outer body wall. *HINT: solid parenchyma + organs allowing for stronger and more precise movements.

ACOELOMATE Note: not soiled on the inside but has fluid on the inside.

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: a space enclosed by the mesoderm and the gastroderm.

PSEUDOCOELOM

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: a water pressured skeleton.

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: a fluid that acts like a lubricant

SEROUS

[lecture#6] QUESTION: what are the two kinds of protostomes?

ANSWER: - Lophotrochozoans - Ecdysozoans

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: A fluid-filled body cavity formed from the splitting of lateral plate mesoderm during embryonic development.

COELOMATE

[lecture#6] NAME (2) DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOPHOTROCHOZOANS:

ANSWER: 1. ) the presence of a horseshoeshaped crown of ciliated tentacles called: lophophores. 2. ) a minute, translucent top-shaped ciliated larvae trochophores.

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: an organism that goes through a stage of molting. *HINT: think of exoskeleton (roundworm)

ECYDSOZOANS

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: the outer most covering of the Nematoda.

CUTICLE

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: is the process of shedding the cuticle to allow for a burst of growth.

ECDYSIS

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: is the hormone that regulates ecdysis.

ECDYSONE

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: a consistent number of cells and nuclei that are found in each organism.

EUTELY

[lecture#6] QUESTION: what does ECM stand for?

ANSWER: Extracellular matrix

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: layer of skin that is located under the epidermis.

HYPODERMIS

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: layer of generalized skin. Located under the under the cuticle.

EPIDERMIS

[lecture #6] DEFINITION: means to be distributed “everywhere”.

UBIQUITOUS

[lecture#6] DEFINITION: super cells that come together.

SYNCYTIAL

ZOOLOGY CLASS Flashcards

(81 cards)