Advanced English Reading Practice Questions for the TOEFL, TOEIC, IELTS, & CELPIP

Welcome to our free reading practice resource for advanced English learners and students preparing for the TOEFL or IELTS!

This question bank is designed to help you practice your reading skills for any higher-level test of English as a second language, such as the TOEFL and IELTS. (It also offers valuable practice for any advanced student of English who wishes to improve their reading abilities and comprehension.)

Before you start, here's how they work...

Each question begins with a short, exam-style passage followed by realistic multiple-choice questions that target key reading skills, like factual recall, inference, and understanding vocabulary in context.

Your job is simply to read through the passage and answer the question that follows. Here are some tips for getting the most out of this practice:

1. Set a timer to recreate exam-like conditions. The TOEFL, for example, averages about 30 to 40 seconds per question, so you shouldn't take longer than 48 minutes to answer all 72 questions.
2. Use Brainscape's Advanced English and TOEFL flashcards to drill yourself on the vocabulary and grammar you need to sharpen your reading skills. These expert-made and vetted flashcards are the most efficient way to master the building blocks of the language.
3. When you're done, carefully work through the answers (which you'll find at the end of this resource), so that you really understand what you got wrong and why. This will prevent you from making the same mistakes in the future.
4. Come back to this free resource and retake the questions until you become more confident. Reading, like language’s other core skills, improves with practice.

Our sample questions are much shorter than the exam questions, so you can efficiently practice a variety of skills and question types.

Finally, don't miss out on our other free practice resources for advanced English students:

• Listening practice videos
• Speaking practice prompts
• Writing practice question bank

Okay, are you ready? Let's get started!

Practice reading for factual information.

Question 1

During the 18th century, Britain’s industries underwent a major transformation thanks to steam-powered machines, which revolutionized production methods across various sectors. Factories became the main hubs of production and attracted many people from the countryside, leading to rapid urbanization and shifts in social structures. In 1775, James Watt made significant improvements to the steam engine, allowing textile manufacturers to operate more efficiently by powering looms and other machinery on a larger scale. This breakthrough not only boosted output in Britain but also helped accelerate industrialization throughout Europe, influencing economies and trade patterns for decades to come.

According to the passage, what did James Watt’s improvement to the steam engine enhance?
a) Rural farming techniques
b) Textile manufacturing
c) Shipbuilding methods
d) Iron production

Question 2

Theater became central to ancient Greek culture in the 6th century BCE, with playwrights such as Sophocles writing tragedies about human destiny, fate, and moral dilemmas that resonated with audiences. Actors performed in outdoor amphitheaters, which were often built into hillsides for natural acoustics, and wore masks, which helped project their voices to the large audiences gathered in these vast spaces. Many of these performances took place during festivals dedicated to Dionysus, the god of wine and celebration, where competitions among dramatists were a highlight, fostering artistic innovation and community engagement.

According to the passage, what was the purpose of actors wearing masks in Greek theater?
a) To honor Dionysus
b) To amplify their voices
c) To hide their identities
d) To enhance visual effects

Question 3

The discovery of penicillin dramatically changed medicine by introducing the first effective antibiotic to combat bacterial infections. In 1928, Alexander Fleming observed that a certain mold could stop bacteria from growing in his laboratory cultures, sparking further research into its properties. Penicillin became an essential treatment for infections once it was produced on a large scale in 1942, following efforts to purify and stabilize the substance for medical use. Its use was especially important during wartime, saving many lives from wounds and diseases that previously had high mortality rates, and it laid the foundation for modern antimicrobial therapies.

According to the passage, when did mass production of penicillin begin?
a) 1928
b) 1935
c) 1942
d) 1950

Question 4

In the late 1800s, artists in France began the Impressionist movement, aiming to depict brief changes in light and color rather than following established artistic rules that emphasized realism and historical themes. The movement’s name comes from Claude Monet’s painting, "Impression, Sunrise," which was first shown in 1874 at an independent exhibition that challenged the official salons. Monet’s interest in painting ordinary moments, such as landscapes and urban scenes under varying weather conditions, influenced many artists who later challenged academic art traditions, paving the way for modern art forms like Post-Impressionism.

According to the passage, what inspired the name of the Impressionist movement?
a) A focus on light and color
b) Claude Monet’s painting
c) Everyday scene depictions
d) A break from tradition

Question 5

The movement of Earth’s tectonic plates gradually changes the landscape over long periods, reshaping continents and ocean basins through processes like subduction and rifting. Most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen along the edges of these plates, where stress accumulates due to friction and pressure buildup. A particularly active area is the Pacific Ring of Fire, which encircles the Pacific Ocean and is responsible for the majority of the world’s volcanic eruptions, as well as significant seismic activity. Scientists closely watch these zones to better anticipate natural disasters, using advanced monitoring tools to predict potential hazards and mitigate risks to populations.

According to the passage, what accounts for the majority of Earth’s volcanic eruptions?
a) Tectonic plate shifts
b) The Pacific Ring of Fire
c) Boundary tension
d) Geological predictions

Question 6

The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that linked China to the Mediterranean, allowing cultures to interact and goods to be exchanged across vast distances, facilitating the spread of ideas, religions, and technologies. As early as 200 BCE, silk produced during the Han Dynasty was the most sought-after item, driving much of the early trade due to its luxury status and high value in foreign markets. Over time, merchants also transported spices and valuable metals along these routes, which traversed deserts, mountains, and steppes, requiring caravans and sophisticated navigation methods.

According to the passage, which commodity dominated early trade on the Silk Road?
a) Spices
b) Precious metals
c) Silk
d) Cultural artifacts

Question 7

Machu Picchu, an Incan city built high in the Andes of Peru in the 1400s, is renowned for its advanced architecture that integrated seamlessly with the mountainous terrain. The builders shaped the stones so carefully that they fit together perfectly without the use of mortar, which helped the structures survive earthquakes and endure for centuries despite harsh weather conditions. When the site was rediscovered in 1911 by explorer Hiram Bingham, it provided new insights into Incan civilization, including their agricultural techniques, religious practices, and engineering prowess.

According to the passage, how were the stones of Machu Picchu fitted together?
a) With mortar
b) Without mortar
c) Using metal tools
d) By melting them

Question 8

Since 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope has revolutionized our view of the universe by providing unprecedented data on distant galaxies, nebulae, and cosmic phenomena. By orbiting above Earth’s atmosphere, it captures exceptionally clear images free from distortion caused by air turbulence and light pollution. One of its most famous photographs, taken in 1995 and known as the "Pillars of Creation," revealed areas where new stars are forming within the Eagle Nebula, showcasing intricate gas and dust structures. Astronomers still use Hubble’s data to deepen their understanding of the cosmos, contributing to discoveries about dark matter and the expansion of the universe.

According to the passage, what did the Pillars of Creation photograph show?
a) Earth’s atmosphere
b) Star-forming regions
c) Cosmic interference
d) Hubble’s orbit

Practice reading for negative factual information.

Question 9

Renowned for their extraordinary wildlife, the Galápagos Islands were visited by Charles Darwin in 1835, when he studied creatures such as finches, tortoises, and marine iguanas, observations that later informed his theory of evolution by natural selection. Because of their isolation in the Pacific Ocean, these islands became home to species that evolved independently, resulting in unique adaptations not found elsewhere on Earth. Now recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Galápagos attract researchers and eco-tourists alike, and strict measures exist to shield the ecosystem from invasive species and human disturbance, including limits on visitor numbers and biosecurity protocols.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about the Galápagos Islands EXCEPT:
a) They are home to species found nowhere else.
b) Charles Darwin visited them in 1835.
c) They are located in the Mediterranean Sea.
d) Strict regulations help protect their environment.

Question 10

Mummification in ancient Egypt required the removal of internal organs, the use of natron to dry the body, and careful wrapping in linen, a process that could take up to 70 days to complete. Priests conducted ceremonial rites intended to guarantee the deceased’s journey to the afterlife, invoking gods like Osiris and Anubis for protection. Tombs were stocked with food, jewelry, and other goods considered necessary for the next existence, reflecting beliefs in eternal life and the importance of material possessions. Such elaborate burial customs were reserved for the wealthiest Egyptians, including pharaohs and nobles, while commoners received simpler treatments.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about mummification in ancient Egypt EXCEPT:
a) Priests performed rituals during the process.
b) All Egyptians were mummified in elaborate tombs.
c) The body was dried with natron.
d) Tombs contained items for use in the afterlife.

Question 11

The Amazon River, the world’s largest by discharge, winds through multiple South American nations, supplying water to millions and supporting immense biodiversity in its vast watershed. Its basin includes expansive rainforests, which are vital for global climate regulation by absorbing carbon dioxide and influencing weather patterns worldwide. Periodic flooding brings nutrients to the soil, enabling agriculture along the riverbanks and sustaining indigenous communities. Yet, threats such as deforestation and pollution endanger both the river and its surrounding ecosystem, prompting international efforts to preserve this critical resource.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about the Amazon River EXCEPT:
a) It is the largest river by discharge volume.
b) It supports agriculture through seasonal flooding.
c) It is located entirely within Brazil.
d) Deforestation threatens its ecosystem.

Question 12

Essential for crop pollination, honeybees organize themselves into colonies consisting of a queen, workers, and drones, each fulfilling distinct duties that ensure the hive's survival and productivity. Workers gather nectar and pollen, whereas drones exist mainly to mate with the queen during her nuptial flights. Their communication relies on dances that indicate where food can be found, a sophisticated system that conveys direction and distance. In recent years, declining bee populations, caused by pesticides, disease, and habitat loss, have sparked concerns about food security, as many staple crops depend on bee pollination.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about honeybees EXCEPT:
a) Worker bees collect nectar and pollen.
b) Drones are responsible for defending the hive.
c) They communicate using dances.
d) Bee population decline threatens food security.

Question 13

As Japan’s highest peak and an active volcano, Mount Fuji draws climbers and tourists every summer, with designated trails leading to its summit during the climbing season from July to September. Its striking symmetry and frequent snow-capped appearance have made it a recurring theme in Japanese art and literature, inspiring works by artists like Hokusai in his famous prints. The mountain stands as a symbol of natural beauty, and although its last eruption was in the early 1700s, scientists still monitor it for volcanic activity using seismographs and other instruments to ensure public safety.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about Mount Fuji EXCEPT:
a) It is Japan’s tallest mountain.
b) It is an active volcano.
c) It last erupted in the 21st century.
d) It is a popular subject in Japanese art.

Question 14

Spanning more than 2,300 kilometers off Australia’s coast, the Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral system on Earth and shelters thousands of marine species, from vibrant fish to sea turtles and sharks, creating a complex and interdependent ecosystem. Rising sea temperatures have led to coral bleaching, which threatens the reef’s survival by causing corals to expel their symbiotic algae. Conservation initiatives aim to cut pollution and protect marine habitats, while the reef also sustains tourism and fishing in the area, contributing significantly to the local economy.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about the Great Barrier Reef EXCEPT:
a) It is the largest coral reef system in the world.
b) Coral bleaching is a threat to its health.
c) It is located in the Caribbean Sea.
d) Tourism and fishing depend on the reef.

Question 15

When Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, he transformed how people communicated by enabling real-time voice transmission over wires. Early telephones worked by turning sound into electrical signals, making it possible to carry voices over long distances and bridging gaps between cities and even countries. Initially, telephone lines linked just a handful of cities, but the network soon grew through investments in infrastructure and switchboard technology. Today, mobile phones and the internet enable instant global communication, all built on Bell’s original invention, which continues to evolve with digital advancements.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about the telephone EXCEPT:
a) It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
b) Early telephones used electrical signals.
c) The first telephone lines connected every country.
d) The telephone led to advances in modern telecommunications.

Question 16

Through photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen, a process that occurs in the chloroplasts of their cells and serves as the primary energy source for most life on Earth. This mechanism is crucial for life, as it supplies both food and oxygen for animals and humans, forming the base of food chains and regulating atmospheric composition. The rate of photosynthesis depends on factors like light intensity, temperature, and the amount of carbon dioxide available, with optimal conditions varying among different plant species and environments.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about photosynthesis EXCEPT:
a) It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
b) It provides oxygen for animals and humans.
c) It is not affected by temperature.
d) It uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

Practice making inferences while reading.

Question 17

With climate change looming, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are gaining momentum. Advocates highlight their role in cutting emissions and reducing dependence on dwindling fossil fuels, painting a vision of a cleaner future. Still, critics counter that their unpredictability and high setup costs pose real challenges. Even so, the promise of long-term sustainability often tips the scale in their favor.

What can be inferred about the author’s view on renewable energy?
a) It’s impractical due to costs.
b) It’s valuable despite drawbacks.
c) It’s inferior to fossil fuels.
d) It lacks any benefits.

Question 18

The development of written language marked a pivotal moment in human history. Early scripts, such as cuneiform and hieroglyphics, enabled societies to record laws, trade transactions, and religious beliefs. This advancement facilitated the administration of complex civilizations and the transmission of knowledge across generations. However, literacy remained limited to select groups, often priests or scribes, in most ancient societies.

What can be inferred about the impact of early written language?
a) It made everyone literate.
b) It was used for recording and communication.
c) It was only used for art.
d) It was limited to a few people.

Question 19

The Roman Empire once stood as a towering symbol of strength and sophistication. Over time, however, internal conflicts and economic turmoil eroded its core, while barbarian tribes pressed relentlessly at its borders. This mounting strain culminated in 476 CE, when the last emperor fell, signaling an empire’s end. Scholars still ponder whether these pressures alone triggered the collapse or if hidden flaws played a deeper role.

What can be inferred about the fall of the Roman Empire?
a) It stemmed only from invasions.
b) It involved multiple causes.
c) It boosted economic growth.
d) It ignored internal issues.

Question 20

Peer review serves as a cornerstone of scientific research, ensuring that studies meet rigorous standards before publication. When a scientist submits a paper, experts in the same field evaluate the work for accuracy, validity, and originality. This process helps filter out flawed or unsubstantiated findings, maintaining the integrity of scientific literature. Nevertheless, peer review is not infallible and occasionally allows errors or biases to slip through.

What can be inferred about the peer review process?
a) It always prevents mistakes.
b) It is essential for scientific credibility.
c) It involves non-experts.
d) It never allows biases.

Question 21

Space exploration captivates scientists with its promise of unlocking cosmic secrets, despite its steep price tag. Enthusiasts argue that probing Mars or the Moon could reveal clues about extraterrestrial life, sparking revolutionary insights. Critics, though, question if such spending makes sense when Earth faces urgent crises. Still, the allure of innovation and global teamwork keeps the endeavor alive and compelling.

What can be inferred about the author’s stance on space exploration?
a) It’s too risky to pursue.
b) It’s worthwhile despite costs.
c) It’s unnecessary.
d) It’s uncertain in value.

Question 22

The Industrial Revolution swept through 18th-century Britain, transforming rural societies into bustling industrial hubs. Innovations like steam engines boosted production dramatically, yet this progress came at a cost. As factories drew workers to cities, urban areas swelled, grappling with cramped housing and squalor. Gradually, these hardships ignited calls for better labor laws and city planning.

What can be inferred about the Industrial Revolution’s social effects?
a) It instantly enhanced living standards.
b) It spurred urban growth and issues.
c) It stalled labor reforms.
d) It shrank industrial output.

Question 23

A chance discovery in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, a mold that stopped bacteria, ushered in a medical revolution. Named penicillin, this breakthrough struggled to reach mass production until wartime needs accelerated its use by 1942, saving countless lives. Its triumph inspired a wave of antibiotic development, though overuse later birthed resistant strains. Thus, Fleming’s findingsreshaped health care while posing new hurdles.

What can be inferred about penicillin’s long-term impact?
a) It ended all infections.
b) It brought gains and challenges.
c) It faded post-war.
d) It stalled medical progress.

Question 24

Artificial intelligence (AI) is weaving its way into fields like medicine and banking, reshaping how we work. Fans praise its ability to streamline tasks and sharpen decisions, envisioning a more efficient tomorrow. Skeptics, however, flag risks like job losses and moral dilemmas, urging caution. Given its swift rise, AI seems poised to anchor future economies, provided oversight keeps pace.

What can be inferred about the author’s view on AI?
a) It’s too risky to pursue.
b) It’s pivotal with proper regulation.
c) It should be stopped.
d) It’s irrelevant to growth.

Practice reading for rhetorical purpose.

Question 25

The structure of DNA was first described in 1953, marking a pivotal moment in biological science. Building on Rosalind Franklin’s research, James Watson and Francis Crick introduced the idea that DNA is made of two strands twisted together. Their double helix model explained how genetic material could be copied and passed on. This insight led to significant progress in genetics and biotechnology.

According to the passage, what did Watson and Crick’s model of DNA explain?
a) The structure of proteins
b) The process of cell division
c) The mechanism of genetic inheritance
d) The function of mitochondria

Question 26

The invention of the telescope opened up new possibilities for studying the universe. When Galileo used it to observe Jupiter, he identified moons orbiting the planet, which contradicted traditional views about the cosmos. This finding led to a major shift in scientific understanding and inspired future research. The sharp images produced by the telescope impressed many astronomers of the time.

Why does the author mention Jupiter’s moons?
a) To describe the telescope’s design
b) To illustrate a key astronomical finding
c) To explain Galileo’s techniques
d) To compare cosmic theories

Question 27

The Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in classical art, sparking a wave of creativity. Sculptors often looked to ancient Roman examples, hoping to capture similar realism and vitality in their own works. This artistic movement helped bridge the medieval period and the modern era, enriching European culture. Financial support from patrons made this flourishing of the arts possible.

Why does the author mention ancient Rome?
a) To compare Renaissance and modern art
b) To explain the source of artistic inspiration
c) To describe sculpting techniques
d) To highlight cultural patrons

Question 28

Electricity transformed daily life through innovative applications. Michael Faraday’s experiments demonstrated its power potential, leading to electric lights. This advancement reshaped homes and industries, improving living standards.

Why does the author mention Faraday’s experiments?
a) To describe the history of electricity
b) To illustrate the discovery process
c) To compare electric lights and homes
d) To highlight living standards

Question 29

As electricity spread, people began using it in new ways that improved everyday life. Faraday’s experiments paved the way for electric lights, which changed how homes and workplaces functioned. Steam locomotives, another major innovation of the era, represented similar progress by allowing people and goods to travel quickly across long distances. At the same time, the invention of the telephone introduced faster communication, further connecting communities and supporting this wave of technological change.

Why does the author mention steam locomotives?
a) To explain track construction
b) To highlight a symbol of progress
c) To describe economic expansion
d) To compare trade routes

Question 30

Quantum physics investigates the strange and complex behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales. Scientists have observed that particles can act unpredictably, often in ways that classical physics cannot explain. The development of semiconductors, which power today’s electronic devices, is based on these quantum principles. Research in this field continues to advance rapidly.

Why does the author mention semiconductors?
a) To describe quantum physics principles
b) To illustrate practical applications
c) To compare classical and quantum laws
d) To explain particle behavior

Question 31

Buddhism spread widely throughout Asia thanks to the efforts of monks who traveled along established trade routes. As these missionaries shared their teachings, they influenced local customs and traditions. The exchange of ideas also left its mark on the region’s art and temple architecture. Over time, Buddhist spiritual practices became woven into the fabric of many communities.

Why does the author mention trade routes?
a) To explain the spread of Buddhism
b) To describe monastic lifestyles
c) To highlight temple designs
d) To compare spiritual practices

Question 32

The construction of the Panama Canal was a remarkable engineering achievement that linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Workers faced many obstacles, including the challenge of working in jungles filled with disease. Completing the canal changed global trade by making shipping routes much shorter. Today, the canal remains a powerful symbol of human determination and skill.

Why does the author mention disease-ridden jungles?
a) To highlight engineering challenges
b) To describe the canal’s location
c) To explain trade benefits
d) To compare canal projects

Practice guessing the meaning of vocabulary.

Question 33

Engineers designed aqueducts to bring water to cities, even across hills. This system helped communities adapt during dry spells by adjusting to less rainfall.

The word "adapt" in the passage is closest in meaning to:a) resistb) adjustc) abandond) flood

Question 34

Symphony orchestras greatly enriched European music. Composers wrote for these ensembles, which enhanced the variety and depth of performances enjoyed by large audiences.

The word "enriched" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) simplified
b) enhanced
c) reduced
d) ignored

Question 35

Windmills generated power for remote villages. By producing energy from wind, these devices allowed isolated settlements to develop and maintain daily life.

The word "generated" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) consumed
b) produced
c) stored
d) wasted

Question 36

Written language spread as scribes preserved laws on clay tablets. This careful recording maintained important knowledge for future generations.

The word "preserved" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) destroyed
b) maintained
c) altered
d) hidden

Question 37

The invention of the microscope revealed hidden organisms that were too small to see before. Scientists started to disclose new details about cells, advancing medical understanding.

The word "revealed" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) concealed
b) disclosed
c) damaged
d) ignored

Question 38

Trade routes, winding through distant regions, fostered economic growth by allowing merchants to exchange both goods and ideas, which in turn helped rural communities flourish and local markets expand.

The word "fostered" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) hindered
b) encouraged
c) disrupted
d) ended

Question 39

Charting the movement of stars, early astronomers tracked celestial patterns to aid navigation; by carefully following these paths, sailors were able to embark on longer and safer voyages.

The word "tracked" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) avoided
b) followed
c) lost
d) changed

Question 40

By constructing canals that linked rivers with urban centers, workers enabled goods to be transported efficiently across territories, reducing travel time and allowing commerce to thrive.

The word "transported" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) blocked
b) carried
c) stored
d) damaged

Practice identifying a reference.

Question 41

Although the committee initially rejected the proposal due to budget constraints, its members later reconsidered their decision after new funding became available.

The word "its" in the passage refers to:
a) the proposal
b) the committee
c) budget constraints
d) new funding

Question 42

Researchers observed that the population of the endangered birds increased after the wetlands were restored. This suggests that habitat quality plays a crucial role in their survival.

The word "This" in the passage refers to:
a) the observation by researchers
b) the restoration of wetlands
c) the increase in bird population
d) the endangered birds

Question 43

While both the ancient and modern bridges span the same river, only the latter was designed to withstand frequent flooding, which has plagued the region for centuries. 

The word "which" in the passage refers to:
a) the modern bridge
b) frequent flooding
c) the region
d) the river

Question 44

The experiment yielded unexpected results, prompting the scientists to revise their hypothesis. They published these findings in a leading journal, where they were widely discussed.

The word "they" in the phrase "where they were widely discussed" refers to:
a) the scientists
b) the findings
c) the journal
d) the experiment

Question 45 

Despite the complexity of the new regulations, most companies managed to comply with them by the deadline, though a few struggled to interpret certain provisions.

The word "them" in the passage refers to:
a) companies
b) the deadline
c) certain provisions
d) the new regulations

Question 46

After the volcanic eruption, ash covered the nearby villages, making it difficult for residents to breathe. This led to several evacuations. 

The word "This" in the passage refers to:
a) the volcanic eruption
b) difficulty breathing
c) ash covering the villages
d) the evacuations

Question 47

The two authors collaborated on several projects, but only one of them received recognition for the work, which caused tension between the pair.

The word "which" in the passage refers to:
a) the recognition
b) the work
c) only one author receiving recognition
d) the collaboration

Question 48

Because the data were collected over a ten-year period, they provide a comprehensive overview of climate trends, making them valuable to researchers worldwide. 

The word "them" in the phrase "making them valuable to researchers worldwide" refers to:
a) the data
b) the climate trends
c) the researchers
d) the ten-year period

Practice simplifying sentences.

Question 49

Although the museum’s collection is relatively small, it features several rare artifacts that attract visitors from around the world. 

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The museum is famous because it is very large.
b) The museum’s rare artifacts draw international visitors despite its small size.
c) Only local visitors come to see the museum’s collection.
d) The museum has many artifacts that are not rare.

Question 50 

Despite facing harsh weather conditions, the explorers continued their journey across the frozen landscape.

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The explorers stopped traveling because of the weather.
b) The explorers moved forward even though the weather was difficult.
c) The frozen landscape was easy for the explorers to cross.
d) The explorers avoided harsh weather on their journey.

Question 51

Because the company invested in new technology, it was able to increase production while reducing costs. 

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The company’s investment in technology led to higher production and lower costs.
b) The company’s production decreased due to new technology.
c) New technology made the company’s products more expensive.
d) The company did not change its production or costs.

Question 52

Although the recipe requires several unusual ingredients, it can still be prepared by most home cooks.

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) Most home cooks can make the recipe even though it uses some uncommon ingredients.
b) The recipe is only for professional chefs.
c) The recipe is easy because all the ingredients are common.
d) Home cooks cannot prepare the recipe.

Question 53

The scientist’s theory was initially dismissed by her peers, but later research provided strong evidence supporting her claims. 

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The scientist’s theory was never accepted by other researchers.
b) The scientist’s theory was accepted immediately.
c) Her peers always agreed with her theory.
d) Later research confirmed the scientist’s theory after it was first rejected.

Question 54 

While the city’s public transportation system is efficient, it does not reach many of the suburban areas where people live.

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The city’s transportation system is efficient but does not serve most suburbs.
b) The city’s public transportation is slow and unreliable.
c) Suburban areas have better transportation than the city.
d) The public transportation system reaches all areas of the city.

Question 55

 Because the book was written in an unfamiliar language, few people were able to read it when it was first published.

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) Many people read the book because it was in a familiar language.
b) The book was popular immediately after publication.
c) Few people could read the book at first because it was in a language they did not know.
d) The book was translated into many languages right away.

Question 56 

Although the project required significant resources, the team managed to complete it ahead of schedule. 

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The team finished the project early, even though it needed a lot of resources.
b) The project was delayed because of a lack of resources.
c) The team could not complete the project.
d) The project did not require many resources.

Practice choosing the best summary statements.

Question 57

Many animals migrate each year to find food or suitable climates, undertaking journeys that can span thousands of kilometers across continents and oceans. Birds, whales, and even some insects travel great distances, often following seasonal patterns influenced by environmental cues such as daylight and temperature changes. Migration helps these species survive when local conditions become harsh, such as during winter shortages of resources or extreme weather events that make habitats uninhabitable. This adaptive behavior not only ensures access to better breeding grounds but also contributes to ecological balance by distributing populations and aiding in pollination or seed dispersal along migration routes.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Migration allows animals to survive difficult conditions.
b) Only birds migrate long distances.
c) Many different animals migrate to find food or better climates.
d) Most animals do not migrate.

Question 58

Electric cars are becoming more popular because they produce fewer emissions than gasoline cars, offering a cleaner alternative that reduces air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. Many governments offer incentives to encourage people to buy electric vehicles, such as tax credits, rebates, and access to special lanes or parking privileges to promote widespread adoption. However, charging stations are still less common than gas stations, which can pose challenges for long-distance travel and requires ongoing infrastructure development to support growing demand. As battery technology improves, these vehicles are expected to become even more efficient and affordable, further accelerating the shift toward sustainable transportation options.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Electric cars are better for the environment than gasoline cars.
b) Governments are encouraging the use of electric vehicles.
c) Electric cars are more expensive than gasoline cars.
d) Charging stations are more common than gas stations.

Question 59 

Polar bears are well adapted to life in the Arctic, with thick fur and a layer of fat to keep them warm against freezing temperatures and icy winds that prevail in their harsh environment. They rely on sea ice to hunt seals, their primary food source, using the platforms to stalk and capture prey from the water below. Climate change is reducing sea ice, threatening their survival by limiting access to hunting grounds and forcing them to swim longer distances, which increases energy expenditure and risks of starvation. As a result, conservation efforts are focusing on mitigating global warming and protecting remaining habitats to help preserve this iconic species.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Polar bears eat a variety of plants in the Arctic.
b) Polar bears depend on sea ice to hunt for food.
c) Climate change is a threat to polar bear survival.
d) Polar bears live in warm climates.

Question 60 

The process of evaporation turns liquid water into vapor, which rises into the atmosphere due to heat from the sun and other sources that provide the necessary energy. This vapor eventually cools and condenses to form clouds, as the air reaches saturation and tiny water droplets or ice crystals accumulate. Precipitation occurs when the water in clouds falls back to Earth as rain or snow, completing a key stage in the hydrological cycle that replenishes rivers, lakes, and groundwater supplies. This continuous movement of water supports ecosystems worldwide and influences weather patterns, making it essential for life on the planet.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Evaporation and condensation are parts of the water cycle.
b) Water vapor never returns to Earth.
c) Rain and snow result from condensed water vapor.
d) Water vapor is heavier than liquid water.

Question 61 

The Mona Lisa is one of the most famous paintings in the world, drawing millions of visitors annually to admire its subtle details and enigmatic qualities. Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the early 16th century, it is admired for its mysterious expression and artistic techniques, such as sfumato, that creates soft transitions between colors and tones. The painting is displayed in the Louvre Museum in Paris, where it is protected under bulletproof glass amid tight security measures due to its cultural significance and history of theft attempts. Its enduring appeal lies in the way it captures human emotion and Renaissance innovation in portraiture.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) The Mona Lisa was painted by an unknown artist.
b) The Mona Lisa is famous for its expression and technique.
c) The Mona Lisa is displayed in Paris.
d) The Mona Lisa is rarely seen by the public.

Question 62 

Bamboo grows much faster than most other plants, sometimes reaching full height in just a few months, with some species capable of growing up to a meter per day under ideal conditions. Because of its rapid growth, bamboo is considered a sustainable resource for building materials and products, as it can be harvested frequently without depleting forests or requiring extensive replanting efforts. This versatility extends to uses in construction, furniture, paper, and even textiles, making it an eco-friendly alternative to slower-growing woods. Additionally, bamboo's root systems help prevent soil erosion and improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide efficiently.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Bamboo grows slowly and is not sustainable.
b) Bamboo is a sustainable resource due to its rapid growth.
c) Bamboo is often used for building materials.
d) Bamboo is difficult to grow.

Question 63

Vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases by preparing the immune system to recognize and fight specific germs through the introduction of weakened or inactivated pathogens. Widespread vaccination has led to the decline of many serious illnesses worldwide, such as polio and measles, which once caused widespread epidemics and high mortality rates. This public health strategy not only protects individuals but also contributes to herd immunity, safeguarding vulnerable populations who cannot be vaccinated. Ongoing research continues to develop new vaccines for emerging threats, emphasizing the importance of global immunization programs.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Vaccines are used to treat illnesses after infection.
b) Vaccines train the immune system to fight germs.
c) Vaccination has reduced many diseases globally.
d) Vaccines are only effective in children.

Question 64

Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth, attracting climbers from all over the world who seek the ultimate challenge in mountaineering and personal achievement. The climb is extremely dangerous due to harsh weather, thin air at high altitudes that causes oxygen deprivation, and risks like avalanches or falls. Despite the risks, many attempt to reach the summit each year, often with the support of experienced guides and specialized equipment to navigate the treacherous terrain. Successful ascents require rigorous physical preparation, acclimatization to elevation, and favorable weather windows during the brief climbing seasons.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Mount Everest is the easiest mountain to climb.
b) Many people attempt to climb Mount Everest.
c) Climbing Mount Everest is dangerous because of weather and thin air.
d) Only local residents climb Mount Everest.

Practice categorizing statements.

Question 65

In the 15th century, the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg represented a major breakthrough in the field of communication, transforming how information was disseminated across societies. This device, utilizing movable type, enabled the rapid and cost-effective production of books, which in turn made written materials far more accessible to a broader audience and contributed significantly to the rise of literacy rates throughout Europe during the Renaissance period. However, this technological advance was not without opposition; religious authorities often resisted its adoption, expressing concerns that it could facilitate the spread of unorthodox or heretical ideas beyond their control. Furthermore, the operation of early printing presses required substantial manual labor, involving tasks such as composing type, applying ink, and managing the mechanical pressing of pages.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) advantages and (b) disadvantages.

Statements:
1. Increased literacy
2. Sparked religious resistance
3. Made books accessible
4. Demanded labor

Question 66 

Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, have gained increasing popularity in recent decades as alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, driven by growing awareness of environmental sustainability and the need to combat climate change. Solar panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity through photovoltaic cells, are commonly installed on rooftops of homes and buildings to maximize exposure to the sun and integrate seamlessly into urban environments. In contrast, wind turbines, designed to harness kinetic energy from air currents, are typically constructed in expansive open fields or offshore locations where consistent wind flows can optimize energy generation. Both technologies play a crucial role in reducing global reliance on non-renewable resources like coal and oil, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions and promoting cleaner energy systems.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) solar energy and (b) wind energy.

Statements:
1. Installed on rooftops
2. Built in open fields
3. Reduces fossil fuel use
4. Uses sunlight

Question 67

Certain animals exhibit nocturnal behavior, meaning they are primarily active during the hours of darkness, while others are diurnal and conduct their main activities in daylight. Nocturnal species, such as owls and bats, have evolved adaptations like enhanced night vision through larger eyes or specialized retinas that allow them to navigate and hunt effectively in low-light conditions. Diurnal animals, including many birds and primates, tend to rely more on acute color vision to identify food sources, detect predators, or communicate within their groups under brighter illumination. These contrasting activity patterns reflect evolutionary responses to environmental pressures, such as competition for resources or avoidance of threats, and contribute to the overall balance of ecosystems by distributing activity across the full day-night cycle.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) nocturnal and (b) diurnal.

Statements:
1. Active at night
2. Enhanced night vision
3. Active during the day
4. Relies on color vision

Question 68 

Throughout history, some inventions have emerged by accident, while others stemmed from careful planning and systematic effort. Penicillin, for example, was discovered accidentally when Alexander Fleming noticed mold inhibiting bacterial growth in a lab dish, revolutionizing medicine unexpectedly. Similarly, the microwave oven was created by chance after engineer Percy Spencer observed radar waves melting chocolate, leading to a new kitchen appliance. In contrast, the telephone resulted from deliberate experimentation by Alexander Graham Bell, who methodically developed ways to transmit voice over wires. Likewise, the airplane was the outcome of planned designs and rigorous testing by the Wright brothers, who built and refined prototypes over years to achieve powered flight. These cases illustrate how both serendipity and intention fuel technological progress across eras.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) accidental discovery and (b) planned invention.

Statements:
1. Penicillin
2. Telephone
3. Microwave oven
4. Airplane

Question 69 

Various regions of the world experience distinct climate types, with some areas characterized by tropical conditions featuring consistently warm temperatures throughout the year, while others display temperate climates marked by clear seasonal variations in weather. Tropical climates, prevalent near the equator, are influenced by direct solar radiation, resulting in high humidity, abundant rainfall, and minimal temperature fluctuations that support lush vegetation and diverse ecosystems. Temperate climates, commonly found in mid-latitude zones between the tropics and polar regions, exhibit more pronounced shifts between warm summers and cold winters, often accompanied by moderate precipitation distributed across the year. These climatic differences profoundly affect local agriculture, wildlife, and human settlement patterns globally.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) tropical climate and (b) temperate climate.

Statements:
1. Warm all year
2. Distinct seasons
3. Near the equator
4. Mid-latitude regions

Question 70 

Materials can be classified based on their ability to conduct electricity, with some serving as effective conductors that permit the easy flow of electrical current, while others act as insulators that impede or block such transmission. Metals like copper and aluminum are prime examples of conductors, owing to their atomic structure that allows free movement of electrons, making them ideal for applications in wiring and electrical components. On the other hand, substances such as rubber and glass function as insulators by tightly binding electrons, preventing current flow and thus providing safety in electrical insulation for cables or tools. Understanding these properties is essential in fields like engineering and electronics to ensure efficient and secure use of electricity.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) conductor and (b) insulator.

Statements:
1. Copper
2. Rubber
3. Glass
4. Aluminum

Question 71 

Plants employ different reproductive strategies, with some relying on seeds for propagation and others utilizing spores as their primary means of dispersal and reproduction. Flowering plants, known as angiosperms, and conifers, which are gymnosperms, produce seeds that contain embryonic plants protected by outer coatings, enabling them to survive diverse environmental conditions before germination. In comparison, ferns and mosses, belonging to non-vascular or primitive vascular groups, reproduce via spores—lightweight, single-celled structures that are released into the air or water to develop into new individuals under suitable moisture levels. These methods reflect evolutionary adaptations that allow plants to colonize various habitats effectively.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) seed plants and (b) spore plants.

Statements:
1. Ferns
2. Conifers
3. Mosses
4. Flowering plants

Question 72 

Photosynthesis represents a fundamental biological process through which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, utilizing sunlight to synthesize food from simple inorganic compounds. In this mechanism, chlorophyll within plant cells captures solar radiation to split water molecules and combine carbon dioxide, ultimately producing glucose as an energy source. As a byproduct, oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which proves vital for the respiration of most aerobic organisms, including animals and humans. Overall, photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also underpins the entire food web and maintains atmospheric balance, thereby supporting the diversity and continuity of life on Earth across ecosystems.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) process of photosynthesis and (b) result of photosynthesis.

Statements:
1. Uses sunlight to make food
2. Produces oxygen
3. Supports life on Earth
4. Occurs in green plants

How Did You Do? Let’s Find Out!

Reading Practice Answers

Now that you've worked through all of these questions, here are the correct answers. (The answers are bolded with a ✓ next to them.) We've included the passages and questions in full so that you don't have to keep scrolling up and down this page to remember what the question was about.

Question 1

During the 18th century, Britain’s industries underwent a major transformation thanks to steam-powered machines, which revolutionized production methods across various sectors. Factories became the main hubs of production and attracted many people from the countryside, leading to rapid urbanization and shifts in social structures. In 1775, James Watt made significant improvements to the steam engine, allowing textile manufacturers to operate more efficiently by powering looms and other machinery on a larger scale. This breakthrough not only boosted output in Britain but also helped accelerate industrialization throughout Europe, influencing economies and trade patterns for decades to come.

According to the passage, what did James Watt’s improvement to the steam engine enhance?
a) Rural farming techniques
b) Textile manufacturing ✓
c) Shipbuilding methods
d) Iron production

Question 2

Theater became central to ancient Greek culture in the 6th century BCE, with playwrights such as Sophocles writing tragedies about human destiny, fate, and moral dilemmas that resonated with audiences. Actors performed in outdoor amphitheaters, which were often built into hillsides for natural acoustics, and wore masks, which helped project their voices to the large audiences gathered in these vast spaces. Many of these performances took place during festivals dedicated to Dionysus, the god of wine and celebration, where competitions among dramatists were a highlight, fostering artistic innovation and community engagement.

According to the passage, what was the purpose of actors wearing masks in Greek theater?
a) To honor Dionysus
b) To amplify their voices ✓
c) To hide their identities
d) To enhance visual effects

Question 3

The discovery of penicillin dramatically changed medicine by introducing the first effective antibiotic to combat bacterial infections. In 1928, Alexander Fleming observed that a certain mold could stop bacteria from growing in his laboratory cultures, sparking further research into its properties. Penicillin became an essential treatment for infections once it was produced on a large scale in 1942, following efforts to purify and stabilize the substance for medical use. Its use was especially important during wartime, saving many lives from wounds and diseases that previously had high mortality rates, and it laid the foundation for modern antimicrobial therapies.

According to the passage, when did mass production of penicillin begin?
a) 1928
b) 1935
c) 1942 ✓
d) 1950

Question 4

In the late 1800s, artists in France began the Impressionist movement, aiming to depict brief changes in light and color rather than following established artistic rules that emphasized realism and historical themes. The movement’s name comes from Claude Monet’s painting, "Impression, Sunrise," which was first shown in 1874 at an independent exhibition that challenged the official salons. Monet’s interest in painting ordinary moments, such as landscapes and urban scenes under varying weather conditions, influenced many artists who later challenged academic art traditions, paving the way for modern art forms like Post-Impressionism.

According to the passage, what inspired the name of the Impressionist movement?
a) A focus on light and color
b) Claude Monet’s painting ✓
c) Everyday scene depictions
d) A break from tradition

Question 5

The movement of Earth’s tectonic plates gradually changes the landscape over long periods, reshaping continents and ocean basins through processes like subduction and rifting. Most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen along the edges of these plates, where stress accumulates due to friction and pressure buildup. A particularly active area is the Pacific Ring of Fire, which encircles the Pacific Ocean and is responsible for the majority of the world’s volcanic eruptions, as well as significant seismic activity. Scientists closely watch these zones to better anticipate natural disasters, using advanced monitoring tools to predict potential hazards and mitigate risks to populations.

According to the passage, what accounts for the majority of Earth’s volcanic eruptions?
a) Tectonic plate shifts
b) The Pacific Ring of Fire ✓
c) Boundary tension
d) Geological predictions

Question 6

The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that linked China to the Mediterranean, allowing cultures to interact and goods to be exchanged across vast distances, facilitating the spread of ideas, religions, and technologies. As early as 200 BCE, silk produced during the Han Dynasty was the most sought-after item, driving much of the early trade due to its luxury status and high value in foreign markets. Over time, merchants also transported spices and valuable metals along these routes, which traversed deserts, mountains, and steppes, requiring caravans and sophisticated navigation methods.

According to the passage, which commodity dominated early trade on the Silk Road?
a) Spices
b) Precious metals
c) Silk ✓
d) Cultural artifacts

Question 7

Machu Picchu, an Incan city built high in the Andes of Peru in the 1400s, is renowned for its advanced architecture that integrated seamlessly with the mountainous terrain. The builders shaped the stones so carefully that they fit together perfectly without the use of mortar, which helped the structures survive earthquakes and endure for centuries despite harsh weather conditions. When the site was rediscovered in 1911 by explorer Hiram Bingham, it provided new insights into Incan civilization, including their agricultural techniques, religious practices, and engineering prowess.

According to the passage, how were the stones of Machu Picchu fitted together?
a) With mortar
b) Without mortar ✓
c) Using metal tools
d) By melting them

Question 8

Since 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope has revolutionized our view of the universe by providing unprecedented data on distant galaxies, nebulae, and cosmic phenomena. By orbiting above Earth’s atmosphere, it captures exceptionally clear images free from distortion caused by air turbulence and light pollution. One of its most famous photographs, taken in 1995 and known as the "Pillars of Creation," revealed areas where new stars are forming within the Eagle Nebula, showcasing intricate gas and dust structures. Astronomers still use Hubble’s data to deepen their understanding of the cosmos, contributing to discoveries about dark matter and the expansion of the universe.

According to the passage, what did the Pillars of Creation photograph show?
a) Earth’s atmosphere
b) Star-forming regions ✓
c) Cosmic interference
d) Hubble’s orbit

Question 9

Renowned for their extraordinary wildlife, the Galápagos Islands were visited by Charles Darwin in 1835, when he studied creatures such as finches, tortoises, and marine iguanas, observations that later informed his theory of evolution by natural selection. Because of their isolation in the Pacific Ocean, these islands became home to species that evolved independently, resulting in unique adaptations not found elsewhere on Earth. Now recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Galápagos attract researchers and eco-tourists alike, and strict measures exist to shield the ecosystem from invasive species and human disturbance, including limits on visitor numbers and biosecurity protocols.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about the Galápagos Islands EXCEPT:
a) They are home to species found nowhere else.
b) Charles Darwin visited them in 1835.
c) They are located in the Mediterranean Sea. ✓
d) Strict regulations help protect their environment.

Question 10

Mummification in ancient Egypt required the removal of internal organs, the use of natron to dry the body, and careful wrapping in linen, a process that could take up to 70 days to complete. Priests conducted ceremonial rites intended to guarantee the deceased’s journey to the afterlife, invoking gods like Osiris and Anubis for protection. Tombs were stocked with food, jewelry, and other goods considered necessary for the next existence, reflecting beliefs in eternal life and the importance of material possessions. Such elaborate burial customs were reserved for the wealthiest Egyptians, including pharaohs and nobles, while commoners received simpler treatments.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about mummification in ancient Egypt EXCEPT:
a) Priests performed rituals during the process.
b) All Egyptians were mummified in elaborate tombs. ✓
c) The body was dried with natron.
d) Tombs contained items for use in the afterlife.

Question 11

The Amazon River, the world’s largest by discharge, winds through multiple South American nations, supplying water to millions and supporting immense biodiversity in its vast watershed. Its basin includes expansive rainforests, which are vital for global climate regulation by absorbing carbon dioxide and influencing weather patterns worldwide. Periodic flooding brings nutrients to the soil, enabling agriculture along the riverbanks and sustaining indigenous communities. Yet, threats such as deforestation and pollution endanger both the river and its surrounding ecosystem, prompting international efforts to preserve this critical resource.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about the Amazon River EXCEPT:
a) It is the largest river by discharge volume.
b) It supports agriculture through seasonal flooding.
c) It is located entirely within Brazil. ✓
d) Deforestation threatens its ecosystem.

Question 12

Essential for crop pollination, honeybees organize themselves into colonies consisting of a queen, workers, and drones, each fulfilling distinct duties that ensure the hive's survival and productivity. Workers gather nectar and pollen, whereas drones exist mainly to mate with the queen during her nuptial flights. Their communication relies on dances that indicate where food can be found, a sophisticated system that conveys direction and distance. In recent years, declining bee populations, caused by pesticides, disease, and habitat loss, have sparked concerns about food security, as many staple crops depend on bee pollination.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about honeybees EXCEPT:
a) Worker bees collect nectar and pollen.
b) Drones are responsible for defending the hive. ✓
c) They communicate using dances.
d) Bee population decline threatens food security.

Question 13

As Japan’s highest peak and an active volcano, Mount Fuji draws climbers and tourists every summer, with designated trails leading to its summit during the climbing season from July to September. Its striking symmetry and frequent snow-capped appearance have made it a recurring theme in Japanese art and literature, inspiring works by artists like Hokusai in his famous prints. The mountain stands as a symbol of natural beauty, and although its last eruption was in the early 1700s, scientists still monitor it for volcanic activity using seismographs and other instruments to ensure public safety.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about Mount Fuji EXCEPT:
a) It is Japan’s tallest mountain.
b) It is an active volcano.
c) It last erupted in the 21st century. ✓
d) It is a popular subject in Japanese art.

Question 14

Spanning more than 2,300 kilometers off Australia’s coast, the Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral system on Earth and shelters thousands of marine species, from vibrant fish to sea turtles and sharks, creating a complex and interdependent ecosystem. Rising sea temperatures have led to coral bleaching, which threatens the reef’s survival by causing corals to expel their symbiotic algae. Conservation initiatives aim to cut pollution and protect marine habitats, while the reef also sustains tourism and fishing in the area, contributing significantly to the local economy.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about the Great Barrier Reef EXCEPT:
a) It is the largest coral reef system in the world.
b) Coral bleaching is a threat to its health.
c) It is located in the Caribbean Sea. ✓
d) Tourism and fishing depend on the reef.

Question 15

When Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, he transformed how people communicated by enabling real-time voice transmission over wires. Early telephones worked by turning sound into electrical signals, making it possible to carry voices over long distances and bridging gaps between cities and even countries. Initially, telephone lines linked just a handful of cities, but the network soon grew through investments in infrastructure and switchboard technology. Today, mobile phones and the internet enable instant global communication, all built on Bell’s original invention, which continues to evolve with digital advancements.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about the telephone EXCEPT:
a) It was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
b) Early telephones used electrical signals.
c) The first telephone lines connected every country. ✓
d) The telephone led to advances in modern telecommunications.

Question 16

Through photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen, a process that occurs in the chloroplasts of their cells and serves as the primary energy source for most life on Earth. This mechanism is crucial for life, as it supplies both food and oxygen for animals and humans, forming the base of food chains and regulating atmospheric composition. The rate of photosynthesis depends on factors like light intensity, temperature, and the amount of carbon dioxide available, with optimal conditions varying among different plant species and environments.

According to the passage, all of the following are true about photosynthesis EXCEPT:
a) It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
b) It provides oxygen for animals and humans.
c) It is not affected by temperature. ✓
d) It uses sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

Question 17

With climate change looming, renewable energy sources like solar and wind power are gaining momentum. Advocates highlight their role in cutting emissions and reducing dependence on dwindling fossil fuels, painting a vision of a cleaner future. Still, critics counter that their unpredictability and high setup costs pose real challenges. Even so, the promise of long-term sustainability often tips the scale in their favor.

What can be inferred about the author’s view on renewable energy?
a) It’s impractical due to costs.
b) It’s valuable despite drawbacks. ✓
c) It’s inferior to fossil fuels.
d) It lacks any benefits.

Question 18

The development of written language marked a pivotal moment in human history. Early scripts, such as cuneiform and hieroglyphics, enabled societies to record laws, trade transactions, and religious beliefs. This advancement facilitated the administration of complex civilizations and the transmission of knowledge across generations. However, literacy remained limited to select groups, often priests or scribes, in most ancient societies.

What can be inferred about the impact of early written language?
a) It made everyone literate.
b) It was used for recording and communication.
c) It was only used for art.
d) It was limited to a few people. ✓

Question 19

The Roman Empire once stood as a towering symbol of strength and sophistication. Over time, however, internal conflicts and economic turmoil eroded its core, while barbarian tribes pressed relentlessly at its borders. This mounting strain culminated in 476 CE, when the last emperor fell, signaling an empire’s end. Scholars still ponder whether these pressures alone triggered the collapse or if hidden flaws played a deeper role.

What can be inferred about the fall of the Roman Empire?
a) It stemmed only from invasions.
b) It involved multiple causes. ✓
c) It boosted economic growth.
d) It ignored internal issues.

Question 20

Peer review serves as a cornerstone of scientific research, ensuring that studies meet rigorous standards before publication. When a scientist submits a paper, experts in the same field evaluate the work for accuracy, validity, and originality. This process helps filter out flawed or unsubstantiated findings, maintaining the integrity of scientific literature. Nevertheless, peer review is not infallible and occasionally allows errors or biases to slip through.

What can be inferred about the peer review process?a) It always prevents mistakes.b) It is essential for scientific credibility. ✓c) It involves non-experts.d) It never allows biases.

Question 21

Space exploration captivates scientists with its promise of unlocking cosmic secrets, despite its steep price tag. Enthusiasts argue that probing Mars or the Moon could reveal clues about extraterrestrial life, sparking revolutionary insights. Critics, though, question if such spending makes sense when Earth faces urgent crises. Still, the allure of innovation and global teamwork keeps the endeavor alive and compelling.

What can be inferred about the author’s stance on space exploration?
a) It’s too risky to pursue.
b) It’s worthwhile despite costs. ✓
c) It’s unnecessary.
d) It’s uncertain in value.

Question 22

The Industrial Revolution swept through 18th-century Britain, transforming rural societies into bustling industrial hubs. Innovations like steam engines boosted production dramatically, yet this progress came at a cost. As factories drew workers to cities, urban areas swelled, grappling with cramped housing and squalor. Gradually, these hardships ignited calls for better labor laws and city planning.

What can be inferred about the Industrial Revolution’s social effects?
a) It instantly enhanced living standards.
b) It spurred urban growth and issues. ✓
c) It stalled labor reforms.
d) It shrank industrial output.

Question 23

A chance discovery in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, a mold that stopped bacteria, ushered in a medical revolution. Named penicillin, this breakthrough struggled to reach mass production until wartime needs accelerated its use by 1942, saving countless lives. Its triumph inspired a wave of antibiotic development, though overuse later birthed resistant strains. Thus, Fleming’s findings reshaped health care while posing new hurdles.

What can be inferred about penicillin’s long-term impact?
a) It ended all infections.
b) It brought gains and challenges. ✓
c) It faded post-war.
d) It stalled medical progress.

Question 24

Artificial intelligence (AI) is weaving its way into fields like medicine and banking, reshaping how we work. Fans praise its ability to streamline tasks and sharpen decisions, envisioning a more efficient tomorrow. Skeptics, however, flag risks like job losses and moral dilemmas, urging caution. Given its swift rise, AI seems poised to anchor future economies, provided oversight keeps pace.

What can be inferred about the author’s view on AI?
a) It’s too risky to pursue.
b) It’s pivotal with proper regulation. ✓
c) It should be stopped.
d) It’s irrelevant to growth.

Question 25

The structure of DNA was first described in 1953, marking a pivotal moment in biological science. Building on Rosalind Franklin’s research, James Watson and Francis Crick introduced the idea that DNA is made of two strands twisted together. Their double helix model explained how genetic material could be copied and passed on. This insight led to significant progress in genetics and biotechnology.

According to the passage, what did Watson and Crick’s model of DNA explain?
a) The structure of proteins
b) The process of cell division
c) The mechanism of genetic inheritance ✓
d) The function of mitochondria

Question 26

The invention of the telescope opened up new possibilities for studying the universe. When Galileo used it to observe Jupiter, he identified moons orbiting the planet, which contradicted traditional views about the cosmos. This finding led to a major shift in scientific understanding and inspired future research. The sharp images produced by the telescope impressed many astronomers of the time.

Why does the author mention Jupiter’s moons?
a) To describe the telescope’s design
b) To illustrate a key astronomical finding ✓
c) To explain Galileo’s techniques
d) To compare cosmic theories

Question 27

The Renaissance brought about a renewed interest in classical art, sparking a wave of creativity. Sculptors often looked to ancient Roman examples, hoping to capture similar realism and vitality in their own works. This artistic movement helped bridge the medieval period and the modern era, enriching European culture. Financial support from patrons made this flourishing of the arts possible.

Why does the author mention ancient Rome?
a) To compare Renaissance and modern art
b) To explain the source of artistic inspiration ✓
c) To describe sculpting techniques
d) To highlight cultural patrons

Question 28

Electricity transformed daily life through innovative applications. Michael Faraday’s experiments demonstrated its power potential, leading to electric lights. This advancement reshaped homes and industries, improving living standards.

Why does the author mention Faraday’s experiments?
a) To describe the history of electricity
b) To illustrate the discovery process ✓
c) To compare electric lights and homes
d) To highlight living standards

Question 29

As electricity spread, people began using it in new ways that improved everyday life. Faraday’s experiments paved the way for electric lights, which changed how homes and workplaces functioned. Steam locomotives, another major innovation of the era, represented similar progress by allowing people and goods to travel quickly across long distances. At the same time, the invention of the telephone introduced faster communication, further connecting communities and supporting this wave of technological change.

Why does the author mention steam locomotives?
a) To explain track construction
b) To highlight a symbol of progress ✓
c) To describe economic expansion
d) To compare trade routes

Question 30

Quantum physics investigates the strange and complex behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales. Scientists have observed that particles can act unpredictably, often in ways that classical physics cannot explain. The development of semiconductors, which power today’s electronic devices, is based on these quantum principles. Research in this field continues to advance rapidly.

Why does the author mention semiconductors?
a) To describe quantum physics principles
b) To illustrate practical applications ✓
c) To compare classical and quantum laws
d) To explain particle behavior

Question 31

Buddhism spread widely throughout Asia thanks to the efforts of monks who traveled along established trade routes. As these missionaries shared their teachings, they influenced local customs and traditions. The exchange of ideas also left its mark on the region’s art and temple architecture. Over time, Buddhist spiritual practices became woven into the fabric of many communities.

Why does the author mention trade routes?
a) To explain the spread of Buddhism ✓
b) To describe monastic lifestyles
c) To highlight temple designs
d) To compare spiritual practices

Question 32

The construction of the Panama Canal was a remarkable engineering achievement that linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Workers faced many obstacles, including the challenge of working in jungles filled with disease. Completing the canal changed global trade by making shipping routes much shorter. Today, the canal remains a powerful symbol of human determination and skill.

Why does the author mention disease-ridden jungles?
a) To highlight engineering challenges ✓
b) To describe the canal’s location
c) To explain trade benefits
d) To compare canal projects

Question 33

Engineers designed aqueducts to bring water to cities, even across hills. This system helped communities adapt during dry spells by adjusting to less rainfall.

The word "adapt" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) resist
b) adjust ✓
c) abandon
d) flood

Question 34

Symphony orchestras greatly enriched European music. Composers wrote for these ensembles, which enhanced the variety and depth of performances enjoyed by large audiences.

The word "enriched" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) simplified
b) enhanced ✓
c) reduced
d) ignored

Question 35

Windmills generated power for remote villages. By producing energy from wind, these devices allowed isolated settlements to develop and maintain daily life.

The word "generated" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) consumed
b) produced ✓
c) stored
d) wasted

Question 36

Written language spread as scribes preserved laws on clay tablets. This careful recording maintained important knowledge for future generations.

The word "preserved" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) destroyed
b) maintained ✓
c) altered
d) hidden

Question 37

The invention of the microscope revealed hidden organisms that were too small to see before. Scientists started to disclose new details about cells, advancing medical understanding.

The word "revealed" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) concealed
b) disclosed ✓
c) damaged
d) ignored

Question 38

Trade routes, winding through distant regions, fostered economic growth by allowing merchants to exchange both goods and ideas, which in turn helped rural communities flourish and local markets expand.

The word "fostered" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) hindered
b) encouraged ✓
c) disrupted
d) ended

Question 39

Charting the movement of stars, early astronomers tracked celestial patterns to aid navigation; by carefully following these paths, sailors were able to embark on longer and safer voyages.

The word "tracked" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) avoided
b) followed ✓
c) lost
d) changed

Question 40

By constructing canals that linked rivers with urban centers, workers enabled goods to be transported efficiently across territories, reducing travel time and allowing commerce to thrive.

The word "transported" in the passage is closest in meaning to:
a) blocked
b) carried ✓
c) stored
d) damaged

Question 41

Although the committee initially rejected the proposal due to budget constraints, its members later reconsidered their decision after new funding became available.

The word "its" in the passage refers to:
a) the proposal
b) the committee ✓
c) budget constraints
d) new funding

Question 42

Researchers observed that the population of the endangered birds increased after the wetlands were restored. This suggests that habitat quality plays a crucial role in their survival.

The word "This" in the passage refers to:
a) the observation by researchers
b) the restoration of wetlands
c) the increase in bird population ✓
d) the endangered birds

Question 43

While both the ancient and modern bridges span the same river, only the latter was designed to withstand frequent flooding, which has plagued the region for centuries. 

The word "which" in the passage refers to:
a) the modern bridge
b) frequent flooding ✓
c) the region
d) the river

Question 44

The experiment yielded unexpected results, prompting the scientists to revise their hypothesis. They published these findings in a leading journal, where they were widely discussed.

The word "they" in the phrase "where they were widely discussed" refers to:
a) the scientists
b) the findings ✓
c) the journal
d) the experiment

Question 45 

Despite the complexity of the new regulations, most companies managed to comply with them by the deadline, though a few struggled to interpret certain provisions.

The word "them" in the passage refers to:
a) companies
b) the deadline
c) certain provisions
d) the new regulations ✓

Question 46

After the volcanic eruption, ash covered the nearby villages, making it difficult for residents to breathe. This led to several evacuations. 

The word "This" in the passage refers to:
a) the volcanic eruption
b) difficulty breathing
c) ash covering the villages ✓
d) the evacuations

Question 47

The two authors collaborated on several projects, but only one of them received recognition for the work, which caused tension between the pair.

The word "which" in the passage refers to:
a) the recognition
b) the work
c) only one author receiving recognition ✓
d) the collaboration

Question 48

Because the data were collected over a ten-year period, they provide a comprehensive overview of climate trends, making them valuable to researchers worldwide. 

The word "them" in the phrase "making them valuable to researchers worldwide" refers to:
a) the data ✓
b) the climate trends
c) the researchers
d) the ten-year period

Question 49

Although the museum’s collection is relatively small, it features several rare artifacts that attract visitors from around the world. 

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The museum is famous because it is very large.
b) The museum’s rare artifacts draw international visitors despite its small size. ✓
c) Only local visitors come to see the museum’s collection.
d) The museum has many artifacts that are not rare.

Question 50 

Despite facing harsh weather conditions, the explorers continued their journey across the frozen landscape.

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The explorers stopped traveling because of the weather.
b) The explorers moved forward even though the weather was difficult. ✓
c) The frozen landscape was easy for the explorers to cross.
d) The explorers avoided harsh weather on their journey.

Question 51

Because the company invested in new technology, it was able to increase production while reducing costs. 

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The company’s investment in technology led to higher production and lower costs. ✓
b) The company’s production decreased due to new technology.
c) New technology made the company’s products more expensive.
d) The company did not change its production or costs.

Question 52

Although the recipe requires several unusual ingredients, it can still be prepared by most home cooks.

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) Most home cooks can make the recipe even though it uses some uncommon ingredients. ✓
b) The recipe is only for professional chefs.
c) The recipe is easy because all the ingredients are common.
d) Home cooks cannot prepare the recipe.

Question 53

The scientist’s theory was initially dismissed by her peers, but later research provided strong evidence supporting her claims. 

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The scientist’s theory was never accepted by other researchers.
b) The scientist’s theory was accepted immediately.
c) Her peers always agreed with her theory.
d) Later research confirmed the scientist’s theory after it was first rejected. ✓

Question 54 

While the city’s public transportation system is efficient, it does not reach many of the suburban areas where people live.

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The city’s transportation system is efficient but does not serve most suburbs. ✓
b) The city’s public transportation is slow and unreliable.
c) Suburban areas have better transportation than the city.
d) The public transportation system reaches all areas of the city.

Question 55

Because the book was written in an unfamiliar language, few people were able to read it when it was first published.

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) Many people read the book because it was in a familiar language.
b) The book was popular immediately after publication.
c) Few people could read the book at first because it was in a language they did not know. ✓
d) The book was translated into many languages right away.

Question 56 

Although the project required significant resources, the team managed to complete it ahead of schedule. 

Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the sentence above?
a) The team finished the project early, even though it needed a lot of resources. ✓
b) The project was delayed because of a lack of resources.
c) The team could not complete the project.
d) The project did not require many resources.

Question 57

Many animals migrate each year to find food or suitable climates, undertaking journeys that can span thousands of kilometers across continents and oceans. Birds, whales, and even some insects travel great distances, often following seasonal patterns influenced by environmental cues such as daylight and temperature changes. Migration helps these species survive when local conditions become harsh, such as during winter shortages of resources or extreme weather events that make habitats uninhabitable. This adaptive behavior not only ensures access to better breeding grounds but also contributes to ecological balance by distributing populations and aiding in pollination or seed dispersal along migration routes.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Migration allows animals to survive difficult conditions. ✓
b) Only birds migrate long distances.
c) Many different animals migrate to find food or better climates. ✓
d) Most animals do not migrate.

Question 58

Electric cars are becoming more popular because they produce fewer emissions than gasoline cars, offering a cleaner alternative that reduces air pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. Many governments offer incentives to encourage people to buy electric vehicles, such as tax credits, rebates, and access to special lanes or parking privileges to promote widespread adoption. However, charging stations are still less common than gas stations, which can pose challenges for long-distance travel and requires ongoing infrastructure development to support growing demand. As battery technology improves, these vehicles are expected to become even more efficient and affordable, further accelerating the shift toward sustainable transportation options.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Electric cars are better for the environment than gasoline cars. ✓
b) Governments are encouraging the use of electric vehicles. ✓
c) Electric cars are more expensive than gasoline cars.
d) Charging stations are more common than gas stations.

Question 59 

Polar bears are well adapted to life in the Arctic, with thick fur and a layer of fat to keep them warm against freezing temperatures and icy winds that prevail in their harsh environment. They rely on sea ice to hunt seals, their primary food source, using the platforms to stalk and capture prey from the water below. Climate change is reducing sea ice, threatening their survival by limiting access to hunting grounds and forcing them to swim longer distances, which increases energy expenditure and risks of starvation. As a result, conservation efforts are focusing on mitigating global warming and protecting remaining habitats to help preserve this iconic species.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Polar bears eat a variety of plants in the Arctic.
b) Polar bears depend on sea ice to hunt for food. ✓
c) Climate change is a threat to polar bear survival. ✓
d) Polar bears live in warm climates.

Question 60 

The process of evaporation turns liquid water into vapor, which rises into the atmosphere due to heat from the sun and other sources that provide the necessary energy. This vapor eventually cools and condenses to form clouds, as the air reaches saturation and tiny water droplets or ice crystals accumulate. Precipitation occurs when the water in clouds falls back to Earth as rain or snow, completing a key stage in the hydrological cycle that replenishes rivers, lakes, and groundwater supplies .This continuous movement of water supports ecosystems worldwide and influences weather patterns, making it essential for life on the planet.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Evaporation and condensation are parts of the water cycle. ✓
b) Water vapor never returns to Earth.
c) Rain and snow result from condensed water vapor. ✓
d) Water vapor is heavier than liquid water.

Question 61 

The Mona Lisa is one of the most famous paintings in the world, drawing millions of visitors annually to admire its subtle details and enigmatic qualities. Painted by Leonardo da Vinci in the early 16th century, it is admired for its mysterious expression and artistic techniques, such as sfumato that creates soft transitions between colors and tones. The painting is displayed in the Louvre Museum in Paris, where it is protected under bulletproof glass amid tight security measures due to its cultural significance and history of theft attempts. Its enduring appeal lies in the way it captures human emotion and Renaissance innovation in portraiture.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) The Mona Lisa was painted by an unknown artist.
b) The Mona Lisa is famous for its expression and technique. ✓
c) The Mona Lisa is displayed in Paris. ✓
d) The Mona Lisa is rarely seen by the public.

Question 62 

Bamboo grows much faster than most other plants, sometimes reaching full height in just a few months, with some species capable of growing up to a meter per day under ideal conditions. Because of its rapid growth, bamboo is considered a sustainable resource for building materials and products, as it can be harvested frequently without depleting forests or requiring extensive replanting efforts. This versatility extends to uses in construction, furniture, paper, and even textiles, making it an eco-friendly alternative to slower-growing woods. Additionally, bamboo's root systems help prevent soil erosion and improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide efficiently.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Bamboo grows slowly and is not sustainable.
b) Bamboo is a sustainable resource due to its rapid growth. ✓
c) Bamboo is often used for building materials. ✓
d) Bamboo is difficult to grow.

Question 63

Vaccines help prevent the spread of infectious diseases by preparing the immune system to recognize and fight specific germs through the introduction of weakened or inactivated pathogens. Widespread vaccination has led to the decline of many serious illnesses worldwide, such as polio and measles, which once caused widespread epidemics and high mortality rates. This public health strategy not only protects individuals but also contributes to herd immunity, safeguarding vulnerable populations who cannot be vaccinated. Ongoing research continues to develop new vaccines for emerging threats, emphasizing the importance of global immunization programs.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Vaccines are used to treat illnesses after infection.
b) Vaccines train the immune system to fight germs. ✓
c) Vaccination has reduced many diseases globally. ✓
d) Vaccines are only effective in children.

Question 64

Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth, attracting climbers from all over the world who seek the ultimate challenge in mountaineering and personal achievement. The climb is extremely dangerous due to harsh weather, thin air at high altitudes that causes oxygen deprivation, and risks like avalanches or falls. Despite the risks, many attempt to reach the summit each year, often with the support of experienced guides and specialized equipment to navigate the treacherous terrain. Successful ascents require rigorous physical preparation, acclimatization to elevation, and favorable weather windows during the brief climbing seasons.

Which TWO of the following statements best summarize the passage?
a) Mount Everest is the easiest mountain to climb.
b) Many people attempt to climb Mount Everest. ✓
c) Climbing Mount Everest is dangerous because of weather and thin air. ✓
d) Only local residents climb Mount Everest.

Question 65

In the 15th century, the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg represented a major breakthrough in the field of communication, transforming how information was disseminated across societies. This device, utilizing movable type, enabled the rapid and cost-effective production of books, which in turn made written materials far more accessible to a broader audience and contributed significantly to the rise of literacy rates throughout Europe during the Renaissance period. However, this technological advance was not without opposition; religious authorities often resisted its adoption, expressing concerns that it could facilitate the spread of unorthodox or heretical ideas beyond their control. Furthermore, the operation of early printing presses required substantial manual labor, involving tasks such as composing type, applying ink, and managing the mechanical pressing of pages.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) advantages and (b) disadvantages.

Advantages:

1. Increased literacy; 3. Made books accessible

Disadvantages:

2. Sparked religious resistance; 4. Demanded labor

Question 66 

Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, have gained increasing popularity in recent decades as alternatives to traditional fossil fuels, driven by growing awareness of environmental sustainability and the need to combat climate change. Solar panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity through photovoltaic cells, are commonly installed on rooftops of homes and buildings to maximize exposure to the sun and integrate seamlessly into urban environments. In contrast, wind turbines, designed to harness kinetic energy from air currents, are typically constructed in expansive open fields or offshore locations where consistent wind flows can optimize energy generation. Both technologies play a crucial role in reducing global reliance on non-renewable resources like coal and oil, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions and promoting cleaner energy systems.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) solar energy and (b) wind energy.

Solar energy:

1. Installed on rooftops; 3. Reduces fossil fuel use; 4. Uses sunlight

Wind energy:

2. Built in open fields; 3. Reduces fossil fuel use

Question 67

Certain animals exhibit nocturnal behavior, meaning they are primarily active during the hours of darkness, while others are diurnal and conduct their main activities in daylight. Nocturnal species, such as owls and bats, have evolved adaptations like enhanced night vision through larger eyes or specialized retinas that allow them to navigate and hunt effectively in low-light conditions. Diurnal animals, including many birds and primates, tend to rely more on acute color vision to identify food sources, detect predators, or communicate within their groups under brighter illumination. These contrasting activity patterns reflect evolutionary responses to environmental pressures, such as competition for resources or avoidance of threats, and contribute to the overall balance of ecosystems by distributing activity across the full day-night cycle.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) nocturnal and (b) diurnal.

Nocturnal:

1. Active at night; 2. Enhanced night vision

Diurnal:

3. Active during the day; 4. Relies on color vision

Question 68 

Throughout history, some inventions have emerged by accident, while others stemmed from careful planning and systematic effort. Penicillin, for example, was discovered accidentally when Alexander Fleming noticed mold inhibiting bacterial growth in a lab dish, revolutionizing medicine unexpectedly. Similarly, the microwave oven was created by chance after engineer Percy Spencer observed radar waves melting chocolate, leading to a new kitchen appliance. In contrast, the telephone resulted from deliberate experimentation by Alexander Graham Bell, who methodically developed ways to transmit voice over wires. Likewise, the airplane was the outcome of planned designs and rigorous testing by the Wright brothers, who built and refined prototypes over years to achieve powered flight. These cases illustrate how both serendipity and intention fuel technological progress across eras.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) accidental discovery and (b) planned invention.

Accidental discovery:

1. Penicillin; 3. Microwave oven

Planned invention:

2. Telephone; 4. Airplane

Question 69 

Various regions of the world experience distinct climate types, with some areas characterized by tropical conditions featuring consistently warm temperatures throughout the year, while others display temperate climates marked by clear seasonal variations in weather. Tropical climates, prevalent near the equator, are influenced by direct solar radiation, resulting in high humidity, abundant rainfall, and minimal temperature fluctuations that support lush vegetation and diverse ecosystems. Temperate climates, commonly found in mid-latitude zones between the tropics and polar regions, exhibit more pronounced shifts between warm summers and cold winters, often accompanied by moderate precipitation distributed across the year. These climatic differences profoundly affect local agriculture, wildlife, and human settlement patterns globally.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) tropical climate and (b) temperate climate.

Tropical climate:

1. Warm all year; 3. Near the equator

Temperate climate:

2. Distinct seasons; 4. Mid-latitude regions

Question 70 

Materials can be classified based on their ability to conduct electricity, with some serving as effective conductors that permit the easy flow of electrical current, while others act as insulators that impede or block such transmission. Metals like copper and aluminum are prime examples of conductors, owing to their atomic structure that allows free movement of electrons, making them ideal for applications in wiring and electrical components. On the other hand, substances such as rubber and glass function as insulators by tightly binding electrons, preventing current flow and thus providing safety in electrical insulation for cables or tools. Understanding these properties is essential in fields like engineering and electronics to ensure efficient and secure use of electricity.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) conductor and (b) insulator.

Conductor:

1. Copper; 4. Aluminum

Insulator:

2. Rubber; 3. Glass

Question 71 

Plants employ different reproductive strategies, with some relying on seeds for propagation and others utilizing spores as their primary means of dispersal and reproduction. Flowering plants, known as angiosperms, and conifers, which are gymnosperms, produce seeds that contain embryonic plants protected by outer coatings, enabling them to survive diverse environmental conditions before germination. In comparison, ferns and mosses, belonging to non-vascular or primitive vascular groups, reproduce via spores—lightweight, single-celled structures that are released into the air or water to develop into new individuals under suitable moisture levels. These methods reflect evolutionary adaptations that allow plants to colonize various habitats effectively.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) seed plants and (b) spore plants.

Seed plants:

2. Conifers; 4. Flowering plants

Spore plants:

1. Ferns; 3. Mosses

Question 72 

Photosynthesis represents a fundamental biological process through which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, utilizing sunlight to synthesize food from simple inorganic compounds. In this mechanism, chlorophyll within plant cells captures solar radiation to split water molecules and combine carbon dioxide, ultimately producing glucose as an energy source. As a byproduct, oxygen is released into the atmosphere, which proves vital for the respiration of most aerobic organisms, including animals and humans. Overall, photosynthesis not only sustains plant life but also underpins the entire food web and maintains atmospheric balance, thereby supporting the diversity and continuity of life on Earth across ecosystems.

Sort the statements into two categories: (a) process of photosynthesis and (b) result of photosynthesis.

Process of photosynthesis:

1. Uses sunlight to make food; 4. Occurs in green plants

Result of photosynthesis:

2. Produces oxygen; 3. Supports life on Earth

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