. Flashcards
(42 cards)
What does myocardial infarction (MI) refer to?
The death of cardiac muscle due to prolonged ischemia caused by coronary artery occlusion
Also commonly referred to as a ‘heart attack’.
What causes ischemic heart diseases (IHD)?
An imbalance between myocardial supply (perfusion) and cardiac demand for oxygenated blood
Over 90% of cases are caused by coronary atherosclerosis.
What is triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) used for?
A histochemical stain that highlights the area of necrosis
Useful in identifying infarcted areas.
List the five most common primary cardiac tumors.
- Myxomas
- Fibromas
- Lipomas
- Papillary fibroelastomas
- Rhabdomyomas
These account for almost 90% of all primary heart tumors.
What is obstructive congenital heart disease (CHD)?
Occurs when there is abnormal narrowing of chambers, valves, or blood vessels
Examples include coarctation of the aorta and aortic valvular stenosis.
What are common causes of congenital heart diseases (CHD)?
- Genetic factors and chromosomal abnormalities
- Environmental exposures
- Nutritional factors
Folate supplementation during early pregnancy reduces CHD incidence.
What are the major functional abnormalities caused by structural anomalies in CHD?
- Left-to-right shunt
- Right-to-left shunt
- Obstruction
These categories help organize the various structural anomalies.
What causes a left-to-right shunt in CHD?
- Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Eisenmenger syndrome occurs when left-to-right shunt becomes right-to-left shunt.
What are the 5 Ts associated with right-to-left shunt in CHD?
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Transposition of the great arteries
- (Persistent) truncus arteriosus
- Tricuspid atresia
- Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
These conditions cause cyanotic congenital heart disease.
What are common pericardial diseases?
- Pericardial effusion
- Haemopericardium
- Purulent pericarditis
- Serous pericarditis
- Fibrinous pericarditis
- Constrictive pericarditis
They often occur in association with other cardiac pathology or systemic disease.
What are the three overlapping patterns of angina pectoris?
- Stable (typical) angina
- Prinzmetal variant angina
- Unstable (crescendo) angina
Each type has different triggers and characteristics.
What are the most clinically useful biomarkers of myocardial damage in MI?
- Cardiac-specific troponins T and I (cTnT and cTnI)
- MB fraction of creatine kinase (CK-MB)
These proteins leak out of irreversibly damaged myocytes.
What characterizes infective endocarditis (IE)?
A microbial infection of the heart valves or the mural endocardium leading to the formation of vegetations
Most infections are bacterial, with the aortic and mitral valves most commonly involved.
What is rheumatic heart disease (RHD) primarily characterized by?
Deforming fibrotic valvular disease, particularly involving the mitral valve
RHD is virtually the only cause of mitral stenosis.
What are the two major groups of cardiomyopathies?
- Primary cardiomyopathies
- Secondary cardiomyopathies
Primary are predominantly genetic or acquired; secondary are part of systemic disorders.
What are the clinical presentations of ischemic heart diseases (IHD)?
- Myocardial infarction (MI)
- Angina pectoris
- Chronic IHD with heart failure
- Sudden cardiac death (SCD)
Each presentation has distinct characteristics and implications.
What does congenital heart disease (CHD) refer to?
Abnormalities of the heart or great vessels that are present at birth
Most CHD arise from faulty embryogenesis during gestational weeks 3 to 8.
What is the main learning objective regarding congenital heart diseases?
Understand congenital heart diseases
Students should be able to explain the spectrum of ischaemic heart diseases and related topics.
What is the hallmark cell type present in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)?
Reed-Sternberg cells
Reed-Sternberg cells are infected with Epstein-Barr virus in over 90% of cases.
In which patient population is Hodgkin lymphoma predominantly found?
HIV positive patients
It is also common in low-income areas where HIV is prevalent.
How does the overall outcome of Hodgkin lymphoma compare to other variants?
It has a poor overall outcome.
What is a key difference between Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)?
HL is marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are absent in NHL.
Which age group is more commonly affected by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)?
Patients over 55 years old.
What is the median age of patients diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)?
39 years.
