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Histopathology > Cardio > Flashcards

Cardio Flashcards

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1
Q

What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

A

CHF occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate sufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the tissues or can do so only at an elevated filling pressure.

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2
Q

What is a common end stage of many forms of chronic heart disease?

A

Congestive heart failure (CHF).

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3
Q

What are some common causes of left-sided heart failure?

A
  • Ischaemic heart disease
  • Hypertension
  • Aortic and mitral valvular diseases
  • Primary myocardial disease
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4
Q

What is left ventricular hypertrophy?

A

A common finding in left-sided CHF characterized by the thickening of the heart’s left ventricle.

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5
Q

What are the microscopic changes seen in left-sided CHF?

A
  • Primary myocyte hypertrophy
  • Variable degrees of interstitial fibrosis
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6
Q

What are the clinical effects of left-sided CHF?

A

Passive congestion in the lungs and inadequate perfusion of downstream tissues leading to organ dysfunction.

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7
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

A

Increased filling volumes dilate the heart, enhancing contractility and stroke volume.

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8
Q

What is the role of neurohumoral systems in heart failure?

A

They augment heart function and regulate filling volumes and pressures.

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9
Q

What changes occur in the lungs due to left-sided heart failure?

A
  • Pulmonary congestion and edema
  • Kerley B and C lines on chest X-ray
  • Heart failure cells (hemosiderin-laden macrophages)
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10
Q

What is right-sided heart failure most commonly caused by?

A

Left-sided heart failure.

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11
Q

What morphological changes are associated with right-sided CHF?

A
  • Engorgement of the systemic and portal venous systems
  • Hypertrophy and dilatation of the right atrium and ventricle
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12
Q

What is Nutmeg liver?

A

A congestive hepatomegaly appearance due to prominent passive congestion in right-sided CHF.

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13
Q

What is the term for generalized massive edema?

A

Anasarca.

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14
Q

What is hypertensive heart disease (HHD)?

A

A consequence of increased demands on the heart by hypertension, leading to pressure overload and ventricular hypertrophy.

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15
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
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16
Q

What characterizes atherosclerosis?

A

Hardening of vessels, specifically an intima-based process.

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17
Q

What are the major risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A
  • Cholesterol levels
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Inherited factors (e.g., LDL receptor gene mutations)
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18
Q

What is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Endothelial injury and dysfunction
  • Accumulation of lipoproteins
  • Monocyte adhesion and transformation into macrophages and foam cells
  • Platelet adhesion
  • Smooth muscle cell recruitment and proliferation
19
Q

What is vasculitis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Vessel wall inflammation affecting vessels of any type in virtually any organ.

20
Q

What are common pathogenic mechanisms of vasculitis?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Immune-mediated inflammation
  • Direct invasion by infectious pathogens
21
Q

What are varicose veins?

Study These Flashcards
A

Abnormally dilated, tortuous veins produced by prolonged increased intra-luminal pressure.

22
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Venous thrombosis and inflammation, particularly involving deep veins, often resulting from prolonged immobilization.

23
Q

What can occur with rupture of dilated lymphatics?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Chylous ascites
  • Chylothorax
  • Chylopericardium
24
Q

What is the consequence of chronic congestion and edema of the bowel wall?

Study These Flashcards
A

Malabsorption.

25
Fill in the blank: The major morphologic effects of right-sided heart failure include _______.
Engorgement of the systemic and portal venous systems.
26
True or False: Atherosclerosis can lead to coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vascular disease.
True.
27
What is myocardial infarction (MI)?
Death of cardiac muscle due to prolonged ischemia caused by coronary artery occlusion ## Footnote Commonly referred to as a heart attack.
28
What causes ischemic heart diseases (IHD)?
An imbalance between myocardial supply (perfusion) and cardiac demand for oxygenated blood ## Footnote More than 90% of cases are caused by coronary atherosclerosis.
29
What are the five most common primary cardiac tumors?
* Myxomas * Fibromas * Lipomas * Papillary fibroelastomas * Rhabdomyomas ## Footnote These tumors are typically benign and account for almost 90% of all primary heart tumors.
30
What is a left-to-right shunt in congenital heart diseases?
Abnormal blood flow from the left side of the heart to the right side, causing volume overload ## Footnote Examples include atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
31
What are the causes of right-to-left shunt in congenital heart diseases?
* Tetralogy of Fallot * Transposition of the great arteries * (Persistent) Truncus arteriosus * Tricuspid atresia * Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection ## Footnote These conditions can cause cyanotic congenital heart disease.
32
What is the most important pericardial disorder?
Fluid accumulation, inflammation, fibrous constriction, or combinations of these processes ## Footnote Examples include pericardial effusion and constrictive pericarditis.
33
What is stable angina?
The most common form of angina, induced by activities that increase the heart's energy requirements, relieved by rest ## Footnote It is also known as typical angina.
34
What are the clinically useful biomarkers for myocardial damage?
* Cardiac-specific troponins T and I (cTnT and cTnI) * MB fraction of creatine kinase (CK-MB) ## Footnote These proteins leak out of irreversibly damaged myocytes.
35
What characterizes rheumatic heart disease (RHD)?
Deforming fibrotic valvular disease, particularly involving the mitral valve ## Footnote RHD is virtually the only cause of mitral stenosis.
36
What are primary cardiomyopathies?
Diseases involving predominantly the heart that may be genetic or acquired ## Footnote Examples include viral myocarditis and anthracycline cardiotoxicity.
37
What is the definition of sudden cardiac death (SCD)?
Unexpected death from cardiac causes, either without symptoms or within 1 to 24 hours of symptom onset ## Footnote It can occur in patients with ischemic heart disease.
38
What is the cause of congenital heart diseases (CHD)?
Faulty embryogenesis during gestational weeks 3 to 8 ## Footnote Most severe anomalies are incompatible with intrauterine survival.
39
Fill in the blank: The most common cause of ischemic heart diseases is _______.
coronary atherosclerosis
40
What are the functional categories of structural anomalies in congenital heart diseases?
* Left-to-right shunt * Right-to-left shunt * Obstruction ## Footnote Each category represents different functional abnormalities.
41
What are the complications of myocardial infarction (MI)?
* Contractile dysfunction * Arrhythmias * Myocardial rupture * Ventricular aneurysms * Pericarditis * Mural thrombus * Progressive heart failure ## Footnote These complications can significantly impact patient outcomes.
42
What histochemical stain is used to highlight areas of necrosis in myocardial infarction?
Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) ## Footnote It helps visualize the infarcted areas.
43
What are the common causes of infective endocarditis (IE)?
Microbial infection of the heart valves or mural endocardium, mainly bacterial ## Footnote Vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and organisms form as a result.
44
What is Eisenmenger syndrome?
Occurs when a left-to-right shunt becomes a right-to-left shunt ## Footnote This condition leads to cyanosis and other complications.

Histopathology (4 decks)

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