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Flashcards in 0-1 a Chapter 1 Deck (45)
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1
Q

Corrections

A

The institutions and methods that society uses to correct, control and change behavior of convicted offender

2
Q

blameworthy

A

the law defines that a person is criminally liable for his or her behavior

3
Q

just deserts

A

punishment that is commensurate with the seriousness of the offense or the harm done

4
Q

retribution

A

something given or demanded as repayment for wrongdoing; “getting even” for violating the social contract on which the law is based

5
Q

general deterrent effect

A

the idea that punishing one person for his or her criminal acts will discourage others from committing the similar acts

6
Q

specific deterrence

A

the idea that an individual offender will decide against repeating an offense after experiencing the painfulness of punishment for that offense

7
Q

incapacitation

A

isolating offenders to protect society

8
Q

selective incapacitation

A

identifying high-rate offenders and providing for their long term incarceration

9
Q

rehabilitation

A

changing an offenders character, attitudes or behavior patterns so as to diminish his or her criminal propensities

10
Q

evidence based programs

A

this approach is an analysis of programs with scientifically approved methods to discover what works with which offenders

11
Q

restorative justice

A

making amends to the victim or society for the harm resulting from a criminal offense

12
Q

equity goal of punishment

A

that offenders usually gain from criminal violations makes it seem just and right that they repay society and victims for losses, expenses, and damages that result from their crimes

13
Q

Code of Hammurabi

A

Law code issued during the reign of Hammurabi of Babylon. The law of Lex Talionis makes its appearance in this code, one of the first comprehensive views of the law.

14
Q

monastic confinement

A

prisons established by the church in the middle ages for those laity involved in offensive acts, such as incest and magic

15
Q

bridewells

A

houses of corrections run by local authorities to teach habits of industry to vagrants and idlers

16
Q

houses of correction

A

work houses where vagrants were forced to work to achieve the purposes of discipline and punishment

17
Q

Charles-Louis De Secondant

A

Baron De Montesquieu

one of the founders of the classical school of criminology who advocated moderation of punishment

18
Q

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria

A

one of the founders of the classical school of criminology who advocated that punishment should be public, immediate and necessary

19
Q

jemerey Bentham

A

one of the founders of the classical school of criminology who believed that the law should accomplish the utilitarian purpose of protection of society

20
Q

John Howard

A

English Sheriff who advocated jail reform

21
Q

Alexander Maconochie

A

Served as the director of the prison colony in Australia and set up the “mark” system

22
Q

Walter Crofton

A

Prison reformer who developed the Irish mark system, which eventually spread to the US and influenced the parole system

23
Q

penitentiary

A

a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society

24
Q

Eastern State Penitentiary

A

a fortress like prison in Philadelphia consisting of 7 wings radiating from a control hub. Prisoners were kept in solitary confinement. It became the model for prisoners in several European countries.

25
Q

Pennsylvania Model

A

a penal system based on the belief that most prisoners would benefit from the experience of incarceration

26
Q

Auburn Cellblock

A

an austere prison setting in Auburn, NY in which inmates were made to endure great suffering

27
Q

Auburn silent system

A

system that demanded silence from all prisoners at all times, even when eating or working together

28
Q

first correctional congress

A

congress held in Cincinnati in 1870 to present progressive ideas about corrections, which resulted in the formation of the declaration of principles

29
Q

Zebulon Brockway

A

Superintendent of Elmira Reformatory in NY

30
Q

Reformatory model

A

a penal system for youthful offenders featuring indeterminate sentencing and parole, classification of prisoners, educational and vocational training, and increased privileges for positive behavior

31
Q

medical model

A

the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention

32
Q

Howard B. Gill

A

developed the “scamp” system at the Norfolk Prison colony in Virginia

33
Q

Nolle Prosequi

A

a formal entry in the record of the court indicating that the prosecutor does not intend to proceed any further in this case

34
Q

mass incarceration

A

term given to the high rates of incarceration in the US

35
Q

prion-industrial complex

A

term used to describe the multimillion dollar prison building boom in which powerful corporate interest groups, large businesses and politicians join together to profit from the burgeoning corrections industry.

36
Q

professionalism

A

the conduct, aims or qualities that characterize or make a profession or professional person

37
Q

Reasons why we punish

A
  • provides beneficial consequences
  • It is deserved
  • expresses public outrage
  • teaches a lesson
  • helps maintain the government
38
Q

7 objectives of criminal punishment

A

-general deterrence
-specific deterrence
-incapacitation
-rehabilitation
-retribution/just deserts
restoration and justice
-equity/restitution

39
Q

ideas within enlightenment and influenced corrections

A

Montesquieu, Beccaria and Bentham wrote about need for moderation:

  • Punishment: swift, certain and moderate
  • punishment should prevent/deter crime
  • reject torture & most capital punishment
40
Q

Early prison reformenrs

A

John Howard
Alexander Maconochie
Walter Crofton

41
Q

Pennsylvania versus Auburn system

A

Pennsylvania used solitary confinement and penitence model; Auburn system demanded silence and prisoners marched to work and chow

42
Q

How did reformatories contribute to the rehabilitation model

A

because of the system of indeterminate sentencing, the payment of inmates for work, supervision of inmates in community and system of behavior modification

43
Q

Purpose of corrections

A

to provide sufficient consequences to individuals convicted by the courts so that the

  • public will be protected
  • crime will be reduced
  • offenders learn that crime does not pay
44
Q

relationship between corrections and the criminal justice system

A

part of the larger criminal justice system of which the police, the courts and corrections are the three parts of the system

45
Q

extent and consequences of prison overcrowding

A

major issue
more than 2.2 million inmates
leads to increased inmate defiance and makes prisons more dangerous places to work