0-1 a Chapter 1

Question 1

Corrections

Answer 1

The institutions and methods that society uses to correct, control and change behavior of convicted offender

Question 2

blameworthy

Answer 2

the law defines that a person is criminally liable for his or her behavior

Question 3

just deserts

Answer 3

punishment that is commensurate with the seriousness of the offense or the harm done

Question 4

retribution

Answer 4

something given or demanded as repayment for wrongdoing; “getting even” for violating the social contract on which the law is based

Question 5

general deterrent effect

Answer 5

the idea that punishing one person for his or her criminal acts will discourage others from committing the similar acts

Question 6

specific deterrence

Answer 6

the idea that an individual offender will decide against repeating an offense after experiencing the painfulness of punishment for that offense

Question 7

incapacitation

Answer 7

isolating offenders to protect society

Question 8

selective incapacitation

Answer 8

identifying high-rate offenders and providing for their long term incarceration

Question 9

rehabilitation

Answer 9

changing an offenders character, attitudes or behavior patterns so as to diminish his or her criminal propensities

Question 10

evidence based programs

Answer 10

this approach is an analysis of programs with scientifically approved methods to discover what works with which offenders

Question 11

restorative justice

Answer 11

making amends to the victim or society for the harm resulting from a criminal offense

Question 12

equity goal of punishment

Answer 12

that offenders usually gain from criminal violations makes it seem just and right that they repay society and victims for losses, expenses, and damages that result from their crimes

Question 13

Code of Hammurabi

Answer 13

Law code issued during the reign of Hammurabi of Babylon. The law of Lex Talionis makes its appearance in this code, one of the first comprehensive views of the law.

Question 14

monastic confinement

Answer 14

prisons established by the church in the middle ages for those laity involved in offensive acts, such as incest and magic

Question 15

bridewells

Answer 15

houses of corrections run by local authorities to teach habits of industry to vagrants and idlers

Question 16

houses of correction

Answer 16

work houses where vagrants were forced to work to achieve the purposes of discipline and punishment

Question 17

Charles-Louis De Secondant

Answer 17

Baron De Montesquieu

one of the founders of the classical school of criminology who advocated moderation of punishment

Question 18

Cesare Bonesana Beccaria

Answer 18

one of the founders of the classical school of criminology who advocated that punishment should be public, immediate and necessary

Question 19

jemerey Bentham

Answer 19

one of the founders of the classical school of criminology who believed that the law should accomplish the utilitarian purpose of protection of society

Question 20

John Howard

Answer 20

English Sheriff who advocated jail reform

Question 21

Alexander Maconochie

Answer 21

Served as the director of the prison colony in Australia and set up the “mark” system

Question 22

Walter Crofton

Answer 22

Prison reformer who developed the Irish mark system, which eventually spread to the US and influenced the parole system

Question 23

penitentiary

Answer 23

a prison in which persons found guilty of a felony are isolated from normal society

Question 24

Eastern State Penitentiary

Answer 24

a fortress like prison in Philadelphia consisting of 7 wings radiating from a control hub. Prisoners were kept in solitary confinement. It became the model for prisoners in several European countries.

Question 25

Pennsylvania Model

Answer 25

a penal system based on the belief that most prisoners would benefit from the experience of incarceration

Question 26

Auburn Cellblock

Answer 26

an austere prison setting in Auburn, NY in which inmates were made to endure great suffering

Question 27

Auburn silent system

Answer 27

system that demanded silence from all prisoners at all times, even when eating or working together

Question 28

first correctional congress

Answer 28

congress held in Cincinnati in 1870 to present progressive ideas about corrections, which resulted in the formation of the declaration of principles

Question 29

Zebulon Brockway

Answer 29

Superintendent of Elmira Reformatory in NY

Question 30

Reformatory model

Answer 30

a penal system for youthful offenders featuring indeterminate sentencing and parole, classification of prisoners, educational and vocational training, and increased privileges for positive behavior

Question 31

medical model

Answer 31

the idea that criminality is a sickness that can be cured through psychological intervention

Question 32

Howard B. Gill

Answer 32

developed the "scamp" system at the Norfolk Prison colony in Virginia

Question 33

Nolle Prosequi

Answer 33

a formal entry in the record of the court indicating that the prosecutor does not intend to proceed any further in this case

Question 34

mass incarceration

Answer 34

term given to the high rates of incarceration in the US

Question 35

prion-industrial complex

Answer 35

term used to describe the multimillion dollar prison building boom in which powerful corporate interest groups, large businesses and politicians join together to profit from the burgeoning corrections industry.

Question 36

professionalism

Answer 36

the conduct, aims or qualities that characterize or make a profession or professional person

Question 37

Reasons why we punish

Answer 37

- provides beneficial consequences - It is deserved - expresses public outrage - teaches a lesson - helps maintain the government

Question 38

7 objectives of criminal punishment

Answer 38

-general deterrence -specific deterrence -incapacitation -rehabilitation -retribution/just deserts restoration and justice -equity/restitution

Question 39

ideas within enlightenment and influenced corrections

Answer 39

Montesquieu, Beccaria and Bentham wrote about need for moderation: - Punishment: swift, certain and moderate - punishment should prevent/deter crime - reject torture & most capital punishment

Question 40

Early prison reformenrs

Answer 40

John Howard Alexander Maconochie Walter Crofton

Question 41

Pennsylvania versus Auburn system

Answer 41

Pennsylvania used solitary confinement and penitence model; Auburn system demanded silence and prisoners marched to work and chow

Question 42

How did reformatories contribute to the rehabilitation model

Answer 42

because of the system of indeterminate sentencing, the payment of inmates for work, supervision of inmates in community and system of behavior modification

Question 43

Purpose of corrections

Answer 43

to provide sufficient consequences to individuals convicted by the courts so that the - public will be protected - crime will be reduced - offenders learn that crime does not pay

Question 44

relationship between corrections and the criminal justice system

Answer 44

part of the larger criminal justice system of which the police, the courts and corrections are the three parts of the system

Question 45

extent and consequences of prison overcrowding

Answer 45

major issue more than 2.2 million inmates leads to increased inmate defiance and makes prisons more dangerous places to work