0003 The Emergence of a New Nation (SMR 2.3) Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
How long have political parties been around?
A
They have essentially been around since the constitution. The first political parties started with disagreements between Federalists & Antifederalists, Antifederalists later became Democratic-Republicans
2
Q
What were the first political parties?
A
Democratic Republicans & Federalists
3
Q
What polarizing issue abroad caused a division of parties and ideas in America?
A
The 1789 French Revolution where revolutions took over Bastille.
4
Q
What political party was Pro-French Revolution?
A
Democratic Republicans led by Jefferson believed that “extreme” actions are an outcome against the global struggle against monarchial oppression and that they should support revolutionaries for we were once revolutionaries
5
Q
What political party was Anti-French Revolution?
A
Federalists led by Adams believed that the extreme actions threatened stability and order. Also argued that the French King helped us win against the British so we should follow through on our word/ treat
6
Q
Why was the French Revolution so polarizing for Americans?
A
Because of the 1778 mutual assistance treaty signed with France for assisting us in War of Independence
7
Q
What was Washington’s stance on the French Revolution. Why did he have this stance?
A
He declared a neutral status to the French Revolution because Britain who was anti-french revolution was our biggest trading partner
8
Q
What poiltical party was more into trading with foreign entities?
A
The Federalists.
9
Q
Which political party wanted to be self-sufficient and not have to rely on foreign trade?
A
The Democratic Republicans
10
Q
What was the result of Jay’s Treaty in 1795?
A
brings US closer to Britain; French suspends relations with the US
11
Q
Who were the candidates for the two political parties in the 1796 election to replace Washington?
A
The Federalist Candidate = John Adams
The Democratic Republican Candidate = Thomas Jefferson
12
Q
Describe the Federalist party
A
- Elitist, popular in New England and among “Americans”
- Businessmen and land owners
- Wanted strong, centralized government;
- opposed French Revolution
- Wanted trade relations and to stay on good side of Britain
- Felt that land owners were the only people who should vote
13
Q
Describe the Democratic Republicans
A
- Grew out of the anti-federalist movement
- Popular in the south and among immigrants
- State rights: supported the French revolutions
- anti-business
- Also believed that property owners were the only people who should vote BUT believed that everybody should be able to be a landowner
- Wanted to expand country westward so that everybody could have access to land
14
Q
What contributions did the Federalists bring to America?
A
Contributions = US Constitution and importance of Supreme Court in our governments, created supremacy of Supreme Court over judicial rulings of congress and presidency
15
Q
What contributions did Democratic Republicans bring to America?
A
Contributions = Bill of Rights, States Rights
16
Q
Which party wanted a strong/ centralized govt?
A
Federalist Party
17
Q
Which party grew out of the anti-federalist movement?
A
Democratic Republicans
18
Q
Both parties initially believed that land owners should be the only people that can vote. What was the difference in their ideas about this though?
A
Democratic Republicans believed that ALL people should be able to be landowners – which is why they wanted westward expansion
19
Q
Which political party was mostly made up of businessmen and land owners?
A
Federalist party
20
Q
Which political party was mostly made up of plantation owners, those in the South and immigrants?
A
Democratic Republicans
21
Q
Which political party was considered anti-business?
A
Democratic Republicans
22
Q
Which party was most interested in westward expansion and why?
A
Democratic Republicans, because they believed that everybody should have the right to own land
23
Q
Who was the winner of the 1796 election and who was his VP?
A
John Adams won the 1796 election with Jefferson as VP (whoever comes in second automatically becomes VP – they are staunch rivals). This made his administration difficult.
24
Q
Who was John Adams?
A
Adams was Vice President to Washington and was a leading Federalist, he was part of Whiskey Rebellion, and elected president in 1796, Received serious opposition from Democratic Republicans as well as conservative Federalists, his presidency was full of tensions with polarizing issues and growing discontent leading to Alien & Sedition Acts
25
What was the Whiskey Rebellion?
A tax protest in the US from 1791-1794. Washington & Adams taxed whiskey and other distilled spirits, the first domestic tax, to pay for Revolutionary war, tax protest mostly came from farmers
26
What polarizing issues did Adams face in his presidency?
- Unofficial “Anglo-American Alliance” in the French Revolutionary Wars
- 1769 - 1798: France captures American ships, growing anti-French sentiment
- Adams didn’t support French revolution which made him unpopular
- The Quasi wars also made him unpopular
27
What acts did Adams impose as tension was rising in his presidency over things like the French Revolution?
the Alien & Sedition Acts
28
What did Jefferson draft in response to the Alien & Sedition Acts that Adam put in place?
The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
29
What was the intended purpose of the Alien Acts?
protected govt from new immigrants who might attempt to pervade and rise up against govt.
30
How did Adam's Alien act work to limit immigration?
Upped the amount of years it took for someone to become a citizen and be given voting rights from 5 to 14 years
31
What was the Alien Friends Act?
Allowed Adams to deport anyone he posed as a threat without trial
32
What was the Alien Enemies Act (Patriot Act)?
allows president to capture and kick out anyone from a country that we were at war with, can be held indefinitely (violation of habeus corpus and Bill of Rights)
33
What were the Sedition Acts?
made it illegal to libel/ speak out against govt
34
How did the Democratic Republicans use the Alien & Sedition acts to build their party?
Democratic Republicans used this as vehicle to get rid of John Adams in next election and elect Jefferson because it drove people, particularly the ethnically non- English towards the Democratic republicans
35
What were the Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions?
- Protests by Kentucky and Virginia by Democratic Republicans that wanted to challenge govt authority
- James Madison and Jefferson helped draft them
- Virginia and Kentucky declare the Alien and Sedition laws as invalid (nullification)
36
Why were the Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions important?
It directly challenged Federal Authority which would create further tension eventually leading to secession
37
After Adams' presidency, who was elected?
Jefferson in 1800 and again in 1804 in what was considered a bloodless revolution
38
What did the Jefferson Administration believe?
that the fabric of society was for Americans to have opportunities for growth, was responsible for many western expansions
39
What elements describe a Jeffersonian Democracy?
- Democratic Republican Ideals
- Anti-elitist
- Distrust of urban industry and financial speculation
- Debt & urban living (The British conditions) were antithetical to freedom of the democratic citizen
- Policies to provide agricultural land to all white men
- Trade embargo with Britain
40
What did the Jefferson Administration do to aid in Western expansion?
The 1803 Louisiana Purchase that doubled US territory for only 15 million dollars!
Built waterways to better connect the western regions to New Orleans
41
Who was Andrew Jackson?
- Elected President in 1828
- Considered “hero” of the War of 1812
- First president not from the original 13 colonies
- Self made “Champion of the Common Man”
- despised elites, was supported by pioneers and frontiersmen, wanted universal white mens suffrage
- claimed the Democratic party was the party of “farmers and workers”
42
Whose political tagline was "Champion of the Common Man" and why was this his tagline?
Andrew Jackson; this was his political tagline, trying to tap into the disenfranchised population of white men non-land owners who were now able to vote after war of 1812
43
What did Jackson's opposition of the Second Bank of the United States reflect?
distrust of big govt and Northeast power brokers
44
Why did Andrew Jackson oppose the Second Bank of the United States?
Seen as a tool of gaining profits by financiers and businessmen of New England; charter expired in 1836, didn’t often back independent farmers or frontiersman because they weren’t trusted to pay back loans
45
What was the Whig Opposition?
A group of people who opposed the loose policies of "King" Andrew Jackson
46
What were the three main Jacksonian Controversies?
1) Nullification controversy (1832)
2) Indian Removal Act (1830)
3) Spoils System
47
What was the Nullification Controversy?
A Jacksonian Controversy that started when he placed "Taxes of abominations”: high trade tariffs, intended to damage industrial businessman as they traded foreign goods, many resented this, especially those in the South like Southern Plantation owners who were trading cotton and tobacco
- Rejected by state of South Carolina, headed by VP Calhoun, initiated a nullification process to overturn federal law, lays the ground for the southern states to secede from the union in the future
- Calhoun vs. Jackson on state and federal authority, the real root of the civil war
48
What did Jackson and his VP Calhoun disagree on?
State vs. Federal Authority which would inevitably become the root cause of the civil war
49
What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
A Jacksonian controversy and part of his effort to "make America safe", this prompted the forceful removal of Native Americans beyond the Mississippi "Trail of Tears" (1835-1838)
50
What was the "Trail of Tears"
Forceful removal of Native Americans between 1835- 1838 west of the Mississippi, removed Cherokee and Choctaw, a result of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 by Andrew Jackson
51
What was the Spoils System?
A Jacksonian Controversy that ousted career politicians and replaced them with his supporters.
52
What was the result of the Spoils System?
a quick rotation of officials: corruption and lack of attention to the service, cronyism
53
What was cronyism in regards to the Jacksonian era?
the idea that if you were a “Jackson” man, you would work with other “Jackson men” to get things across
54
What were the significant political ideas during the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian periods?
Both Jackson and Jefferson were Democratic Republicans who were anti-elitist and anti-business. They distrusted urban industries and big banks
55
What were the significant socioeconomic ideas and issues during the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian periods?
The big socioeconomic idea was for westward expansion and for all people to be able to become land owners. It was really about farmers and workers and frontiersmen than big businessmen
56
How did Jefferson and Jackson differ in their aim for westward expansion?
Jefferson signed the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and built waterways to better connect the western regions to New Orleans, he also had policies to provide agricultural land to all white men.
Jackson took a different approach by running out Indians in the Trail of Tears through the Indian Removal Act.
57
What were the main differences between Jackson and Jefferson?
Both were Democratic Republicans but had very different presidencies and policies.
Jefferson had a fairly uncontroversial presidency focused on Westward expansion while Jackson's presidency was full of controversies, His Nullification Controversy, Indian Removal Act and Spoils System as well as his opposition to the Second Bank of the US, caused even members of his own party to oppose him with the Whig Opposition
58
What economic issues were experienced after the revolutionary wars?
- States had borrowed fund the war causing economic struggles and serious debt
- Foreign trade embargo
- Lack of a strong monetary system
59
Who came up with reforms to address the economic issues after the revolutionary war?
Alexander Hamilton with the Reforms of Alexander Hamilton
60
The Reforms of Alexander Hamilton did what three things?
1) The Federal Govt paid off state debts and created a federal debt
2) Established the Bank of the US (seen as corrupt by many)
3) Adopted mercantilistic economy to make US a competitive world producer
61
What was the difference between the Democratic Republicans and The Federalist reason for Westward Expansion
The Democratic Republicans were interested in Westward expansion because Jefferson wanted all white men to have access to land, ability to become landowners
The Federalists were only interested in Westward expansion for access to rivers/ new ports / potential for transcontinental railroad to California to increase industry and trade, access to Pacific Ocean ports in California
62
What is an example of the conflict that was rising between natives and Americans after the revolutionary war?
1808: Shawnee Indian Rebellion led by Chief Tecumseh
Foundation of an Indian confederacy to oppose US expansion
63
Why did the War of 1812 spur American manufacturing and end up encouraging settlers to expand into new territories?
Because with Americans embargoing trade with Great Britain and with a lack of trade with Europeans in general after the war of 1812, infant American industries were able to take route and flourish without any foreign competition, spurs a desire for raw materials to feed that manufacturing. This new desire for raw materials encourages settlers to expand into these new territories
64
Why did the War of 1812 start?
Continuation of the Napoleonic Wars (wars between France & European countries that wanted to contain Napoleon & liberalist ideals that were toppling monarchies), US got involved because US trades with France and this upsets Great Britain, so Britain cuts off trade with US and enters into war of 1812
65
What did President Madison do in the war of 1812
attempts to expand to Canada, declares war in the Atlantic; real theatre in the West and against British interests in Canada
66
What did the war of 1812 give rise to?
The presidency of Andrew Jackson as well as sprouting of American Industries and settling in new territories
67
Why was Andrew Jackson considered a hero in the war of 1812?
In January 1815 Andrew Jackson wins the Battle of New Orleans, preserves the freedom of New Orleans and therefore American control of the Mississippi river
68
What were two major turning points in the war of 1812?
1814: The British take-over and burn Washington DC
| Aug 1814: Treaty of Ghent - restoration of borders
69
What was stated in the 1823 Monroe Doctrine?
lets Europe know that they intend to expand their own country and that Europe should not try to come in
Warned European nations that western hemisphere was closed to future colonization
70
Who won the close election between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson in 1824?
John Quincy Adams was elected by a coalition put together by the Speaker of the House Henry Clay -- becomes a “corrupt bargain” in eyes of public
71
Why did John Quincy Adams have an unpopular presidency?
tried to strengthen central govt, unable to initiate transportation and education improvements
72
Who coined the term Manifest Destiny in 1845?
Journalist John O' Sullivan
73
What is Manifest Destiny?
the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.
74
Why did Americans believe in Manifest Destiny?
Influenced by the Second Great Awakening (1820's) believed the second coming of Jesus Christ was imminent: Americans have a duty to Christianize the heathen natives
75
What was America before expansion?
we had the 13 original colonies that were received from Great Britain, states East of Mississippi
76
What 1804 expedition was a way to encourage people to go live in the new land that was a result of the Louisiana Purchase?
Lewis & Clark Expedition
77
What did the Lewis & Clark expedition accomplish?
Reached the Pacific on August 1805, mapped the continent, showing us that Jefferson and his successors strongly believed in expansion westward
Created alliances with the natives, decreasing British and French influences
78
What two states did we receive during and after war of 1812?
Louisiana and Florida
79
What did the Gadsden purchase give America?
access to all sides of Colorado River
80
How did we obtain Pacific Northwest states?
Pacific Northwest states we get from treaties with Britain occurring simultaneously with Mexican-American war
81
What transportation projects aided westward expansion?
Federally chartered companies create canals and roads allowing for settlers to come into new territory and this greatly benefits agriculture / industry
82
Who surprisingly won the election of 1844 between James K. Polk and Henry Clay? How did he win?
James K. Polk, a Democratic expansionist and protege of Jackson, because he capitalized on the expansionist policies concerning Northwest Territories
83
What was the "Fifty FIve or Fight" movement?
mass movement to take over the 55/40 parallel of the Oregon Territory by James K. Polk
84
What was the compromise that James K. Polk made regarding the Oregon Territory?
Oregon Territory divided by the 49th Parallel as a way to compromise and avoid a war with Britain which was good because at the time, America was going to war with Mexico in Mexican-American War
85
Who was president during the Mexican-American War?
James K. Polk
86
President _____ made an offer to General _____, the Mexican President, to purchase what states for $30 million?
James K. Polk, Santa Ana, Texas/ New Mexico & California, but Santa Ana refuses
87
Why did James K. Polk desire to expand to California?
Because it would open up ports to trade with East Asia
88
When was Texas admitted as a state?
1845
89
What occurred in March 1846 that was threatening to Mexico?
General Zachary Taylor crossed the Nueces River in Texas
90
How did Mexico respond to General Zachary Taylor's crossing of the Nueces River in Texas?
Mexicans shot at Taylor’s army - “American blood on American soil”: assuming all of Texas to be part of American soil
Led to Mexican American War one month later
91
In May _____, the Mexican American War was delcared
1846
92
In 1848, Americans win the Mexican American war and sign the ________.
Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo
93
What was the result of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo?
US in possession of Texas, New Mexico, CA, Arizona, Nevada and Utah for half the price offered initially
94
15 years after Mexican independence from Spain, Texas wanted independence from Mexico. Why?
Mexico is interested in expanding to Tejas, Alta California (essentially Texas, California, four corner states) and offers land for settlers who are willing to go, but this backfires because instead of Mexicans going to do this, Americans immigrate to Mexico and then go into Texas and California, okay for 10 years until they become unhappy with Mexican laws (i.e. in Mexico, the state religion is Catholicism and each citizen is required to pay tithe to the Catholic church, Texans didn’t want to obey those laws anymore), Texans rebelled. Most famous battle was Battle of Alamo
95
What happened in the 1836 Battle of the Alamo?
many Texans died but led to their overall independence, later capturing the Mexican dictator Santa Ana and forced him to agree to treaty for Texas Independence, when this happens, the Mexican government replaces Santa Ana and doesn’t recognize Texas independence.
96
How did the development of a market economy during the Industrial Revolution impact the different socioeconomic classes?
A market economy was good for all classes because:
- it increased everyone's buying power.
- it lowered the price of products
- factories created a middle class in America
97
What was the first industry to flourish in the Industrial Revolution?
The Textile industry
98
What was the Lowell System?
named after factory owner in Massachussetts who hired young farm girls to operate cotton mills, attempted to make women less of a burden to their families, allowed them to buy their own dowries
99
What impact did the Lowell system have on women?
Allowed for social freedom for workers, with extra wages, women could learn new skills like becoming secretaries, an advancement for women
100
What was the importance of the 1817: Erie Canal?
connected Albany to Buffalo to get out to Atlantic Ocean: allowed raw materials and manufactured goods across the country
101
What occurred in the 1840's during the Industrial Revolution that helped move trade throughout Northeast and Midwest?
The creation of canals
102
What three inventions gave rise to the Industrial Revolution?
The Steam Engine, the Telegraph, the extension of the railroad
103
How did the Steam Engine impact production as well as geography?
Factories now don’t have to be built near rivers and factories can be closer to raw materials (i.e. a yarn factory could be built near cotton fields)
104
How did the Telegraph change lives for americans?
increased communication & politically for delivery of messages across states back to capitol, and to consumers to pass messages, family members could keep in touch
105
What did the extension of the railroad system in the 1820's and 1830's allow for?
took people and products to far destinations and allow frequent travel, initially created to help with trade but also impacted consumers and encouraged cultivation of production and trade, cut shipping costs 60-70%
106
What was invented in 1794 that changed cotton farming?
Eli Whitney's invention of the Cotton Gin to remove seeds from the cotton plant
107
What impact did cotton have on early Americans?
By 1840, cotton was the #1 product in the south.
250,000 new slaves were imported to work the cotton fields
Caused a growing distance between the industrial north and the agricultural south
108
How were slaves treated throughout the South?
some with more benevolence while in other areas, some plantations treated slaves as animals with frequent whippings and beatings
109
The slave trade came to a gradual end in _____ but _____ became a new way to get slaves.
1825, breeding
110
How did cotton cause a growing distance between the industrial north and the agricultural south?
Northern businessmen were seen as benefiting from the profits of the cotton industry -- much of govt is run by industrially backed candidates that create high tariffs that negatively influence trade of cotton
Southerners constantly looking west for more land to support crops of tobacco and cotton
111
What was the main source of conflict in the first half of the 19th century that led to the civil war?
The issue of state vs. federal rights
112
Name four of the compromises made around slavery in the early 19th century
1. 3/5 compromise
2. Missouri Compromise
3. Compromise of 1850
4. Kansas Nebraska Act
113
What was the 3/5 Compromise?
In the constitution, slaves were considered 3/5th of a person, this was fought for by Southern States who wanted more representation
114
What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?
Came about because Missouri wanted to have slaves but with the current set up in the senate with each state getting two representatives, this meant that the power would tip towards the slave states.
115
What two compromises were made in the Missouri Compromise?
1) no slavery above the 36/30 Parallel of the Louisiana Purchase, all states above would be free states except for the state of Missouri
2) Massachusetts split into two states (now what we know as Maine) to balance the power
116
What issue regarding slavery came about after the success of the Mexican-American war?
Should new territories be slave holding or not?
This scared the free Northern states because with the Missouri Compromise, these states could essentially be slave states (they were below the 36/30 parallel)
117
What was the Compromise of 1850?
A package of five bills that allowed for some free and some slave holding new states to handle the controversy over the states now in America after Mexican-American War
118
What happened to Texas, California, New Mexico & Utah as a result of the Compromise of 1850
Texas = slave state
California = free state
New Mexico & Utah = could decide whether they were slave or free
119
The Compromise of 1850 contributed to the rise of _________ laws. What were they?
fugitive slave laws where escaped slaves could be captured and brought back to slave states by bounty hunters (the issue here was that bounty hunters were stealing free african americans and bringing them to slave states as slaves)
120
Did the Compromise of 1850 work?
Not really, it didn't last long. The Missouri Compromise lasted much longer (about 10 years)
121
What brought rise to the 1854 Kansas- Nebraska Act?
Both Kansas & Nebraska are north of the 36/30 parallel so they should be free states, but with compromise of 1850 that included states above the 36/30, the settlers settling Kansas & Nebraska also wanted the opportunity to vote on it.
122
What is Popular Sovereignty?
right of the people of the territories to choose whether they were slave holding or not
123
How did Sen. Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln differ on their views on Popular Sovereignty?
Sen. Stephen Douglas was in favor of giving power to the people and supported Popular Sovereignty while newcomer Abraham Lincoln was against Popular Sovereignty and thought federal govt knows best
124
What led to "Bloody Kansas"
- Cross border voters from Missouri (“Border Ruffians”) elected a slave-holder assembly in Kansas that was corrupt
- “Free Soilers” in return established a free govt in Topeka (1855)
These two governments went to battle
125
What case had a Former enslaved African American sue for freedom because his master had settled in a free territory, therefore he should also be free
Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)
126
What was the supreme court's decision on the Dred Scott vs. Sanford case?
Supreme court decides that
1) Blacks were not citizens and could not sue in federal court
2) Congress could not regulate slavery in territories, it was up to the territories
127
What led to the rise of Abraham Lincoln in 1858?
Debates with Stephen Douglas on the status of Popular Sovereignty as well as the authority of the federal govt
128
Who won the 1860 presidency?
Abraham Lincoln by 40% of popular vote (out of four candidates)
129
Why did Stephen Douglas not win the presidency against Lincoln?
He didn't have the electoral vote so even though he came 2nd in popular vote, he didn't win
130
Abraham Lincoln's presidency split the former Whig party into what two parties?
The Republican Party: The Whigs of the North split from the Whigs of the South who wanted slavery. The Republican party were advocates for abolition of slavery
The Democratic Party: The Whigs of the South who wanted slavery
131
Which state dissolved the union in 1860?
South Carolina, because they were unhappy with Abraham Lincoln
132
What states seceded in 1861, a year after South Carolina dissolved the union?
Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida
133
What battle marked the first shots of the civil war?
Battle of Fort Sumter in Charleston SC on April 12, 1861
134
What states joined the Confederacy after the Battle of Sumter?
Virginia, N. Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas
135
What two states were claimed by the Confederacy but never fully controlled by them?
MIssouri & Kentucky
136
Who is Jefferson Davis?
Confederate President: long time divisive player in the slavery debate, was on cabinet during the Kansas-Nebraska Act, when all the confederate states came together, he was elected based on his diplomatic history.
137
What was considered the capitol of the Confederate States?
Richmond, VA
138
What did the Confederates believe about slavery?
Confederates believed that the state rights take precedence over Federal authority, believes if it isn’t in the constitution it doesn’t belong to the federal govt but to the state govt, this is stated at the end of the amendments
Congress has no right to alienate individuals of their property (aka slaves) by declaring it illegal
New territories should be allowed to have slaves
139
What did the Northern States (the Union) believe?
Argued that slaves are people with inalienable rights and that they deserve the same rights to life and liberty and that it is the duty of the federal govt to protect them
140
What was the main overarching theme that the Confederacy and Union disagree on?
Stave vs. Federal Rights
141
What political issue did the Confederacy and Union disagree on?
Whether slavery should be illegal and who had the right to make it so
142
What economic differences existed between confederacy and union?
Union was urban and industrialized with a strong mercantile economy, the immigrant population tips balance of power to the North. North also had canals.
South was predominantly agricultural, concentrated on the production of labor intensive cotton; expansion of cotton farming to new states such as Missouri (which inspired need for Missouri compromise) -- South felt the need for slaves while North didn't
143
What was the Second Great Awakening?
A religious revival (1820’s) where evangelicalism appears in South and West and reform societies in Northeast: groups that attempted to bring greater morality into business and politics
144
What movements were sparked by the Second Great Awakening?
Abolitionist & Temperance movements
145
What were Temperance Societies?
A moral movement that sought to prohibit liquor, gambling, lotteries, prostitution, led by middle and upper class women with their husband's political backing
146
What were the names of the two Utopian Communities during the Second Great Awakening?
The Shakers and the Transcendentalists
147
Who were the Shakers?
A "Utopian Community" religion based on christian moral and religious communism and celibacy, advocated for equality of sexes and education, an end to slavery, and community ownership, lost momentum by 1850’s (mainly because of celibacy)
148
What was different about Shaker Education?
men and women are equally educated but sit on opposite sides of the room / study at opposite times of the year
149
What was Brook Farm?
A short lived utopian co-living experiment done by Transcendentalists in the 1840's.
150
What religious group reacted against ideals of empiricism and against the Calvinian concept of pre-destination?
Transcendentalists
151
Who were three famous Transcendentalists?
Hawthorne, Emerson, Thoreau
152
What did the Transcendentalists believe?
Believed in inherent goodness of all people, also strong opposers of slavery and advocates of abolitionist movement
Believed alcohol was bad, supporters of temperance movement
153
What were the main social and reform movements (5) taking place in Antebellum Society in the early 19th century?
The Second Great Awakening
The Temperance Societies
The Utopian Communities (Shakers & Transcendentalists)
Womens Movement
Abolition Movement
154
Who were the two women behind the Seneca Falls Convention?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott
155
What was the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott tried to form a mission for the women’s movement, created:
Declaration of Rights and Sentiments of Women: A reflection of Declaration of Independence stating how women are equals and deserved equal political rights
156
What declaration came as a result of the Seneca Falls Convention?
Declaration of Rights and Sentiments of Women
157
Who were the two women behind the National Women's Suffrage Association?
Stanton & Susan B. Anthony
158
Stanton & Susan B. Anthony created the ________ to advocate for women's ability to vote.
National Woman Suffrage Association (1869)
159
The abolitionist movement had many supporters but was mostly supported by _________.
Quakers
160
What is manumission?
Freeing of slaves, often purchasing a slave in order to free them gradually
161
When did the Abolition gain great white support?
During the Second Great Awakening because of greater moral virtues.
162
What names were given to the two differing opinions of abolitionists?
Moderates & Immediates
163
What did Moderate Abolitionists believe?
white abolitionists who wanted gradual emancipation with cooperation of slave owners in order to find an economic answer to vacuum of labor left behind if they were immediately given freedom
164
What did Immediateist Abolitionists believe?
wanted emancipation all at once
165
Who was William Lloyd Garrison?
Publisher of the Liberator , an anti-slavery newspaper, he was an Immediateist abolitionist
166
What was Henry Clay's idea with the American Colonization Society of 1820?
the idea that once black americans were freed, they wouldn’t actually be free, so instead there should be colonies set up in West Africa where they could be leaders of their society
167
Who came up with the idea that once black americans were freed, they wouldn’t actually be free, so instead there should be colonies set up in West Africa where they could be leaders of their society
Henry Clay (American Colonization Society)
168
Where were abolition associations formed?
In every black community
169
Name two publications that garnered public opinion on abolition?
Frederick Douglass - "The North Star"
Harriet Beecher Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
170
What was 'The North Star' ?
A newspaper written by Frederick Douglass in the 1840's
171
Who was Frederick Douglass?
a liberated slave who learned how to read and write and publish books, wrote "The North Star"
172
What was the basis of Uncle Tom's Cabin?
an anti-slavery novel highlighting a slave named Tom whose quiet way of standing up for his rights was admired and seen as a hero
173
Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin?
Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852
174
What abolitionist armed himself and stormed US weapons storage in an attempt to arm local slaves and cause an uprising?
John Brown in 1859
175
What were the two reasons that John Brown's abolitionist attempt fail?
1. US govt saw this as pervasive rebellion against govt and shut it down
2. There weren’t many slaves in West Virginia
