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Oral Pathology > 01 Developmental defects > Flashcards

01 Developmental defects Flashcards

1
Q

orofacial clefts

A

secondary to lack of improper merging and fusion.
face, lips, & palate develop during weeks 4-12 of gestation.
treatment usually involves surgery

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2
Q

various clefts

A 
cleft lip
cleft palate
lateral facial cleft
oblique facial cleft
median cleft of upper lip
median maxillary anterior alveolar cleft
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3
Q

causes of orofacial clefts

A 
genetic
environmental:
alcohol
cigarettes
folic acid deficiency
corticosteroids
antivconvulsants
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4
Q

cleft lip &/or palate

A 
failure of medial nasal process & maxillary process to fuse.
45% both
30% CP only
25% CL only
3-8% associated with syndromes
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5
Q

cleft lip

A

1:700-1000 births
more common in males, 80% unilateral.
often involves alveolus affecting incisors & cuspid

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6
Q

cleft palate

A

0.4:1000 births

failure of palatal shelves to fuse, more common in females. can be severe or mild (bifid uvula)

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7
Q

bifid uvula

A

1:80 births
higher frequency in asians & native american (1:10), less common in blacks (1:250).
uvula can also be fused or enlarged

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8
Q

median maxillary anterior alveolar cleft

A

between #8-9, may cause diastema, may require surgical correction

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9
Q

Pierre Robin syndrome

A

CP + mandibular micrognathia + glossoptosis + airway obstruction.
feeding, speech, occlusion problems.
requires surgery

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10
Q

commissural lip pits

A

12-20% occurrence
blind fistulas 1-4mm deep at commissures
more in males, no treatment

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11
Q

double lip

A

redundant fold on maxillary mucosal side visible usually only when smiling.
congenital & isolated
also with Ascher syndrome

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12
Q

Ascher syndrome

A

double lip + nontoxic thyroid enlargement + blepharochalasis (eyelid inflammation)
plastic surgery correction

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13
Q

fordyce granules

A

ectopic sebaceous glands in oral mucosa.
yellow-white papules most commonly in buccal & vermilion area. less common in retromolar & tonsilar area.
hyperplastic sebaceous glands (sebum).
no treatment

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14
Q

leukoedema

A

unknown cause, common in blacks (70-90%).
diffuse, grayish-white milky opalescent buccal tissue appearance.
does not rub off, bilaterally symmetrical, disappears upon stretching
histologically: intracellular edema of spinous layer
No treatment necessary

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15
Q

developmental tongue defects

A 
aglossia
micro (hypo) glossia
macroglossia
ankyloglossia (tongue-tied)
lingual thyroid
fissured tongue (scrotal tongue)
black hairy tongue
lingual varicosities
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16
Q

microglossia

A

uncommon
range from totally missing (aglossia) to slightly small
often associated with syndrome and/or malocclusion

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17
Q

macroglossia

A

uncommon
may cause drooling, difficulty eating, speech trouble, open bite, crenated lateral border of tongue.
congenital & hereditary: lymphangioma, hemangioma, cretinism, Down syndrome
aquired: edentulous mandible, myxedema, acromegaly

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18
Q

ankyloglossia

A

short thick lingual frenum, limits protrusion.
1.7-4.4% of births, more common in males.
speech impediments
frenectomy

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19
Q

lingual thyroid

A

embryonic primitive thyroid fails migration.
more common in females.
may cause dysphasia, dysphonia & dyspnea.
diagnose with radioactive thyroid scan, don’t remove

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20
Q

fissured tongue (scrotal tongue)

A

common (2-5% population), usually asymptomatic
deep grooves on dorsal tongue, mild burning or soreness.
unknown cause, associated with geographic tongue.
brush tongue

21
Q

black hairy tongue

A

elongated filiform papillae, accumulates keratin & debris.
halitosis, bad taste, gagging.
associated with smoking, antibiotics, poor hygiene, post radiation, excess mouthwash/antacids.
txt: tongue brushing or scraping

22
Q

lingual varicosities

A

dilated & tortuous veins.
most commonly sublingual, then lips & buccal mucosa.
common in elderly
no treatment

23
Q

exostoses

A 
bony protuberances
torus palatinus
torus mandibularis
buccal exostoses
palatal exostoses
subpontine exostoses
24
Q

buccal exostoses

A

bony hard nodule along facial of max. & mand.
asymptomatic, male=female
surgical removal for pre-prosthetic surgery or recurrent trauma

25
Q

torus palatinus

A

very common (20-35% population).
female 2:1 male.
surgical removal for pre-prosthetic surgery or recurrent trauma.
dense cortical bone along palate midline

26
Q

torus mandibularis

A

very common (7-10% population).
slightly more male.
sublingual area.
bilateral 90% of cases

27
Q

eagle syndrome (stylohyoid syndrome)

A

facial pain & pain on swallowing or turning head/wide opening of mouth.
elongation & calcification of stylohyoid ligament.
may need surgical removal

28
Q

Stafne defect

A

submandibular gland depression.
can be seen below premolars when associated with sublingual gland.
more common in males.
asymptomatic, no treatment.

29
Q

developmental cysts

A 
fluid/debris filled cavity lined by epithelium & not inflammatory origin.x
palatal cyst
nasolabial cyst
nasopalatine duct cyst
median palatal cyst
epidermoid cyst
dermoid cyst
thyroglossal duct cyst
branchial cleft cyst
oral lymphoepithelial cyst
30
Q

palatal cysts of newborns

A

extremely common (65-85% neonates)
1-2mm white-yellow papule near midling junction of hard/soft palate.
keratin filled, lined by squamous epithelium.
no treatment, spontaneous rupture.

31
Q

nasolabial cysts (nasoalveolar cyts)

A

rare
upper lip, under the alae of nose.
usually without pain, but elevates lip and fills vestibule.
female 3:1 male, 4th-5th decade.
surgical removal
cyst lined with pseudostratified columnar epi.

32
Q

nasopalatine duct cysts

A

MOST COMMON non-odontogenic cyst of oral cavity (1% population).
from epithelial remnants of nasopalatine duct.
depends on location, can be named cyst of palatine papillae or nasopalatine duct cyst.
slightly more male, 4-6th decade.
asymptomatic or swelling with pain.
suspect if radiolucency >6mm, surgical removal.

33
Q

median palatal cyst

A

rare cyst at palate fusion point, midline posterior hard palate.
asymptomatic, but may have pain/swelling.
surgery

34
Q

epidermoid cyst

A

usually hair follicle in acne-prone head, neck & back.

young adults, males

35
Q

dermoid cysts

A

similar to epidermoid cyst, also in adnexal structures (sebaceous glands, hair follicles, or sweat glands).
oral cysts usually in floor of mouth.
surgery

36
Q

thyroglossal duct cyst

A

epithelial remnants of thyroglossal tract.
generally painless, movable swelling on neck midline.
2nd-3rd decade.
can move during swallowing if attached to tongue.
rarely forms carcinoma.
surgery

37
Q

cervical lymphoepithelial cyst

A

lateral neck on anterior sternocleidomastoid of young adults.
surgery

38
Q

oral lymphoepithelial cyst

A

small, yellow-white mass.
asymptomatic, young adults.
most common in floor of mouth, lateral tongue, tonsil, & soft palate
surgery

39
Q

Crouzon syndrome (craniofacial dysostosis)

A

early closure of cranial sutures leads to increased cranial pressure, migraines, bulging eyes, underdeveloped maxilla.
multiple surgeries

40
Q

Apert syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly)

A 
early cranial suture closure, tall forehead, bulging eyes, vision impairment, small maxilla, hearing loss, fused digits of hands and feet, mental retardation, mouth breathing, typically class III occlusion.
multiple surgeries and ortho
41
Q

Treacher Collins syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis)

A

narrow face, depressed cheeks, ear defects, underdeveloped mandible.
multiple surgeries and ortho

42
Q

hypophosphatasia

A

hereditary, decrease serum alkaline phosphatase effects calcification of bone/cementum.
premature loss of deciduous anterior teeth.
bowed legs and bone fractures.

43
Q

gingival fibromatosis

A

firm fibrous gingival overgrowths begun in childhood.

surgery

44
Q

cherubism

A

bilateral face swelling, 1-4yrs old.
mandible most affected.
soap bubble appearance of mand. radiographs.
facial deformities for life.

45
Q

cleidocranial dysplasia

A

skull enlarged, small face.
underdeveloped/missing clavicles.
many unerupted supernumerary teeth interfere with normal teeth.

46
Q

gardners syndrome

A

main feature: osteomas, including jaws.
polyps in colon, 100% malignant after 30yrs old.
multiple odontomas.
treat with prophylactic colonectomy, remove osteomas

47
Q

nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

A

increased inter-eye distance, basal cell carcinoma of head/neck skin, odontogenic keratocysts, skeletal abnormalities (bifid ribs).
surgical removal of cysts and carcinomas

48
Q

hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

A

small blood vessel defect, dilate and become visible on skin/mucous membranes.
lesions prominent on anterior dorsal tongue.
may interfere with hygiene procedures, treat bleeding lesions.

Oral Pathology (16 decks)

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