Flashcards in 01- Intro to Pharmacology Deck (87)
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1
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation of Weak Base
pH= pKa + log ([non-ionized]/[ionized])
pH= pKa + log ([B]/[BH+])
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Pharmacology
study of how drugs (medications) affect biological systems
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Pharmacy
production, compounding, and distribution of drugs (medications)
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Toxicology
study of toxic effects of drugs and other chemicals on biological systems
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Therapeutics
treatment of disease
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Pharmacotherapeutics
treatment of disease with a drug
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Pure Food and Drug Act- 1906
Required manufacturers to put active ingredients on drug labels
-first pharma law passed
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Harrison Narcotic Act- 1914
Made it illegal to sell drugs of abuse over the counter but were made available with a perscription
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Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act- 1938
Had to demonstrate product was safe before you could market it and had to label both active and inactive ingredients on content labels
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Durham-Humphrey Amendments to Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act- 1951
Created two drug categories:
Legend Drugs- prohibited from dispensing without a prescription (drugs that can cause significant side effects
OTC Drugs- drugs can be received over the counter and considered relatively safe
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Kefauver-Harris Amendments to Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act- 1962
Required manufacturers to demonstrate that product had to be as effective or more effective than any current drug on the market
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Controlled Substances Act- 1970
-Created strict outlines for distribution of drugs with addictive potential
-created DEA in dept. of justice
-required prescribers to be licensed
-required prescription limits
-Schedules (I- no medical use, II- highest addictive potential, on down)
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Dietary Supplement Health & Education Act- 1994
Removed vitamins, minerals, herbals, botanicals, etc. from FDA control
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pH Partition Hypothesis
For Weak Organic Acids or Weak Organic Bases, the Non-Ionized, more lipid-soluble form crosses biomembranes much more readily than does the Ionized, more Water-Soluble form
HA H+ + A- (weak acid) BH+ B + H+ (weak base)
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ABC Transporters
Primary active transporters with ATPase activity
-MRPs (MDR, P-Glycoproteins)
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SLC Transporters
Secondary active transport
-Co-transporters using indirect energy, usually anti-porters
-Organic Anion transporters- wide variety of organic acids
-organic cation transporters- wide variety of organic bases
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Receptor Mediated
most drugs act via interactions with receptors
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Non-Receptor Mediated
Drugs that do not act by interaction with receptors.
-usually produce direct chemical effect or binds a molecule
-produces a direct effect
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Quantal Response
all or none response
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Graded Response
Continually increasing or decreasing
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ED50
amount of drug that produces a response in 50% of the population
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TD50
amount of drug that is toxic to 50% of population
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LD50
amount of drug that is lethal to 50% of the population
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Efficacy
refers to how big of a response you can produce with a particular drug
-change in Emax (y-axis)
-ED50 remains the same (x-axis)
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Potency
how much drug does it take to produce a response
-ED50 will change (x-axis)
-Emax will remain the same (y-axis)
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Potency Ratio
reflects the difference in potencies of two drugs and is used to measure how much of one drug would you need to get the same effect as the other drug
Potency Ratio= ED50 Drug A/ ED50 Drug B
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Therapeutic Index
-unitless number that characterizes the safety of a drug by describing the difference between the ED50 and TD50
-drugs with high T.I. will produce therapeutic effects with low risk of toxicity
T.I.= TD50/ED50
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Agonist
a drug that, by itself, produces a response
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Antagonist
a drug that, by itself, produces no response but prevents the agonist response
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