01 INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ANATOMY Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
_________ is the study of the structure of the body of an organism. It is the branch of biology that focuses on the bodily structure of living things.
A
Anatomy
2
Q
What are the four fundamental plane?
A
- Sagittal
- Frontal
- Transverse
4.Oblique
3
Q
What are the three fundamental sections?
A
- Sagittal
- Frontal
- Transverse
4
Q
Divides the body or organ into right and left
A
Sagittal Plane
5
Q
Divides body or organ into front and back portions
A
Frontal Plane
6
Q
Divides body or organ into upper and lower portions
A
Transverse Plane
7
Q
It passes through body or organ at an oblique angle
A
Oblique Plane
8
Q
Divides body or organ into equal left and right sides
A
Midsagittal Plane
9
Q
Divides body or organ into unequal left and right sides
A
Parasagittal Plane
10
Q
This refers to the specific body orientation used when describing and individual’s anatomy.
A
Anatomical Position
11
Q
It refers to a body lying on its back (face up)
A
Supine
12
Q
It refers to a body lying on its belly (face down)
A
Prone
13
Q
This is a longitudinal line drawn from any part of the body to or beyond the head.
A
Cephalic Direction
14
Q
This is a longitudinal line drawn from any part of the body to or beyond the tail. It is the opposite of the cephalic direction.
A
Caudal Direction
15
Q
What is anatomical position?
A
The subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms facing forward.
16
Q
Toward or on the surface of the body.
A
Superficial
17
Q
Away from the surface of the body.
A
Deep
18
Q
On the same side of the body as another structure.
A
Ipsilateral
19
Q
On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
A
Contralateral
20
Q
Nearer to or at the back of the body
A
Posterior/Dorsal
21
Q
Nearer to or at the front of the body.
A
Anterior/Ventral
21
Q
Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure.
A
Superior
22
Q
Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure.
A
Inferior
23
Q
Nearer to the midline (an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides).
A
Medial
24
Farther from the midline.
Lateral
25
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
Proximal
26
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.
Distal
27
This very basic level can be compared to the letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.
Chemical level
28
This level is where molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals.
Cellular level
29
This level is were groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function, similar to the way words are put together to form sentences.
Tissue level
30
At the ______level, different types of tissues are joined together. Similar to the relationship between sentences and paragraphs, organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
Organ Level
31
A level where consists of related organs with a common function
System level
32
Structural Organization of the Human Body (6)
1. Chemical level.
2. Cellular level.
3. Tissue level.
4. Organ level.
5. System level.
6. Organismal level.
33
11 Systems of the Body
1, Urinary System
2. Reproductive System
3. Respiratory System
4. Cardiovascular System
5. Nervous System
6. Endocrine System
7. Lymphatic System
8. Muscular System
9. Skeletal System
10. Integumentary System
11. Digestive Sytsem
34
Components: Skin and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.
Functions: Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.
Integumentary System
35
Components: Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).
Skeletal System
36
Components: Specifically, skeletal muscle tissue— muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac).
Functions: Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; produces heat.
Muscular System
37
Components: Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ).
Endocrine System
38
39
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.
Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
Nervous System
40
Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.
Cardiovascular System
41
Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).
Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.
Lymphatic System
41
Components: Organs of gastrointestinal tract, a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus (food tube), stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.
Digestive System
42
Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.
Urinary System
43
Components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (uterine tubes or fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands in females and epididymis, ductus or (vas) deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis in males).
Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk
Reproductive System
44
Regions of the Body
1. Principal Region head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs
2. Thoracic, abdominal, pelvic regions
3.Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
4. Abdominal Regions
45
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Liver, Gallbladder, Small Intestine, Right Kidney
Right Hypochondriac
46
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum, Spleen, Adrenal Glands
Epigastric Region
47
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Spleen, Colon, Left Kidney, Pancreas
Left Hypochondriac
48
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Gallbladder, Liver, Right Colon
Right Lumbar
49
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Umbilicus (navel), Part of small intestine, Duodenum.
Umbilical Region
50
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Descending Colon, Left Kidney.
Left Lumbar
51
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon.
Left Iliac
52
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Urinary Bladder, Sigmoid Colon, Female Reproductive System.
Hypogastric Region
53
Part of Abdominal Cavity: Appendix, Cecum.
Right Iliac
54
Abdominal Regions (9)
1. Right hypochondriac Region
2. Right lumbar Region
3. Right Iliac Region
4. Epigastric Region
5. Umbilical Region
6. Hypogastric Region
7. Left hypochondriac Region
8. Left lumbar Region
9. Left iliac Region
55
____________ are spaces that enclose internal organs. Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another.
Body Cavities
56
A cavity formed by cranial bones and contains brain.
Cranial Cavity
57
A cavity that contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum.
Thoracic Cavity
58
A cavity formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
Vertebral Cavity
59
A potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
Pleural cavity
60
A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
Pericardial Cavity
61
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.
Mediastinum
62
A cavity subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Abdominopelvic cavity
63
A cavity that contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine.
Abdominal cavity
64
A cavity contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
Pelvic cavity
