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General Anatomy Lecture > 04 INTRODUCTION TO SKELETAL SYSTEM AND JOINTS > Flashcards

04 INTRODUCTION TO SKELETAL SYSTEM AND JOINTS Flashcards

1
Q

The _________________ works as a support structure for your body. It gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals.

A

Skeletal System

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2
Q

_________ is the scientific study of bones, practiced by osteologists.

A

Osteology

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3
Q

The skeletal system is also called the ____________________.

A

Musculoskeletal system

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4
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System (6)

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Assistance in movement
  4. Mineral homeostasis
  5. Blood cell production
  6. Triglyceride storage
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5
Q

Bone tissue makes up about ____ of the weight of the human body.

A

Bone tissue makes up about 18% of the weight of the human body.

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6
Q

A bone is an organ made up of several different tissues working together: (6)

A

 Bone (Osseous) tissue
 Cartilage
 Dense connective tissue
 Epithelium
 Adipose tissue
 Nervous tissue

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7
Q

The ___________is the bone’s shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.

A

diaphysis

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8
Q

The __________ are the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

A

epiphysis

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9
Q

The _________ are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.

A

metaphysis

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10
Q

In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an __________________, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length.

A

epiphyseal (growth) plate

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11
Q

The ______________ is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone.

A

articular cartilage

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12
Q

The ______________is a tough connective tissue sheath and its associated blood supply that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.

A

periosteum

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13
Q

The _________________, is a hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels in adults.

A

medullary cavity

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14
Q

Bones of the adult skeleton are grouped into two principal divisions:

A

Bones of the adult skeleton are grouped into two principal divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton

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15
Q

Types of Bones: Based on Shape (6)

A

 Sutural Bones
 Irregular Bones
 Short Bones
 Flat Bones
 Long Bones
 Sesamoid Bones

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16
Q

The _________is the entire bony framework of the head, including the lower jaw.

A

Skull

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17
Q

The __________ is the lower jaw.

A

mandible

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18
Q

The _____________ is the skull without the mandible.

A

cranium

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19
Q

The __________________ is the cranium without the face.

A

calvaria or calvarium

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20
Q

Cranium Bones (8)

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal (2)
  3. Temporal (2)
  4. Occipital
  5. Sphenoid
  6. Ethmoid
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21
Q

Facial Bones (14)

A
  1. Vomer
  2. Mandible
  3. Maxilla (2)
  4. Zygomatic Bone (2)
  5. Nasal Bone (2)
  6. Inferior Nasal Concha (2)
  7. Lacrimal Bone (2)
  8. Palatine Bone (2)
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22
Q

The _____________________, makes up about two-fifths of your total height and is composed of a series of bones called vertebrae.

A

The vertebral column, also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column, makes up about two-fifths of your total height and is composed of a series of bones called vertebrae.

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23
Q

The adult vertebral column typically contains _______ vertebrae.

A

26 vertebrae

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24
Q

__ cervical vertebrae in the neck region.

A

7 cervical vertebrae

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25
Q

___ thoracic vertebrae posterior to the thoracic cavity.

A

12 thoracic vertebrae

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26
Q

_____ lumbar vertebrae supporting the lower back.

A

5 lumbar vertebrae

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27
Q

1 sacrum consisting of ____ fused sacral vertebrae.

A

One sacrum consisting of five fused sacral vertebrae.

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28
Q

When viewed from the anterior or posterior, a normal adult vertebral column appears ___________.

A

straight

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29
Q

But when viewed from the side, it shows _____________

A

Four slight bends called normal curves.

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30
Q

___________________________ (also known as ‘roundback’ or ‘hunchback’) is where the mid-upper spine has an exaggerated curve, which makes the back look more round than usual.

A

Increased Thoracic Kyphosis

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31
Q

Total number of bones in an ADULT Skeleton?

a. 200
b. 202
c. 204
d. 206

A

d. 206

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32
Q

________________ is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the quality or structure of bone changes. This can lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of broken bones (fractures).

A

Osteoporosis

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33
Q

_______________________, characteristically, there is destruction of the intervertebral disk space and the adjacent vertebral bodies, collapse of the spinal elements, and anterior wedging leading to the characteristic angulation and gibbus (palpable deformity because of involvement of multiple vertebrae) formation.

A

Tuberculosis of the spine

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34
Q

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. It is most often diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence. It is most common of the abnormal curves.

A

Scoliosis

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35
Q

The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc may herniate (protrude) posteriorly or into one of the adjacent vertebral bodies, compressing the spinal nerves and spinal cord

A

Herniated (Slipped) DisC

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36
Q

Parts of a typical vertebra: (5)

A

Parts of a typical vertebra: vertebral body, vertebral arch, transverse process, spinous process, articular process (superior and inferior)

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37
Q

Give the Atypical vertebras (5)

A

Atypical vertebrae: C1, C2, C7, T11, T12

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38
Q

The key difference between typical and atypical vertebrae.

A

The key difference between typical and atypical vertebrae is that typical vertebrae consist of all basic components of a vertebra while atypical vertebrae are the vertebrae that have modified structure due to their position and function.

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39
Q

_______________ refers to the entire chest region.

A

Thorax

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40
Q

Thoracic cage – bony
enclosure composed
of: ___, ____, ____.

A

sternum, ribs and their costal cartilages.

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41
Q

The ____________________, is a flat, narrow bone located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall.

A

sternum, or breastbone

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42
Q

Sternum measures about _______

A

15 cm (6 in.)

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43
Q

Sternum is consist of three parts:

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Xiphoid process
  3. Body
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44
Q

It gives structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity

A

Ribs

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45
Q

How many pairs does the rib have?

a. 14
b.16
c. 12
d. none of the above

A

c. 12

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46
Q

What are the true ribs?

A

True ribs (1-7)

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47
Q

What are the false ribs?

A

False ribs (8-12)

48
Q

It’s the inflammation of the one or more costal cartilages.

A

Costochondritis

49
Q

A ___________________ is a point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth.

A

Joint

50
Q

A joint is also called an ______________.

A

an articulation or arthrosis

51
Q

What do you call a scientific study of joints?

A

Arthrology

52
Q

The study of motion of the human body is called ______________.

A

Kinesiology

53
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Functions of joints are based on the structural classification.

A

TRUE

54
Q

The structural classification of joints is based on two criteria:

A

(1) the presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones, called a synovial cavity, and (2) the type of connective tissue that binds the bones together.

55
Q

Functional Joints (3)

A

 Synarthrosis.
 Amphiarthrosis
 Diarthrosis

56
Q

An immovable joint.

A

Synarthrosis

57
Q

A slightly movable joint.

A

Amphiarthrosis

58
Q

A freely movable joint.

A

Diarthrosis

59
Q

Structural Joints

A

 Fibrous joints
 Cartilaginous joints
 Synovial joints

60
Q

There is no synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers.

A

Fibrous joints

61
Q

There is no synovial cavity, and the bones are held together by cartilage.

A

Cartilaginous joints

62
Q

The bones forming the joint have a synovial cavity and are united by the dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule, and often by accessory ligaments.

A

Synovial joints

63
Q

Movement of Fibrous Joint

A

Fibrous joints permit little or no movement.

64
Q

The three types of fibrous joints

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmoses
  3. Interosseous membranes
65
Q

The three types of cartilaginous joints are:

A
  1. Synchondrosis
  2. Symphsis
  3. Epiphyseal Cartilage
66
Q

A joint that occur only between bones of the skull.

A

Suture

67
Q

What movement does the joint suture permits?

A

Synarthrosis and Amphiarthrosis

68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. In older individuals, sutures are slightly movable (amphiarthroses), but in infants and children they are slightly immovable (synarthroses).

A

FALSE. In older individuals, sutures are immovable (synarthroses), but in infants and children they are slightly movable (amphiarthroses).

69
Q

A ________________ is a fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance between the articulating surfaces and more dense irregular connective tissue than in a suture.

A

Syndesmosis

70
Q

What movement does the joint Syndesmosis permits?

A

limited movement (amphiarthroses)

71
Q

Examples of Syndesmosis

A
  1. distal tibiofibular joint
  2. gomphosis or dentoalveolar joint
72
Q

A substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones

A

Interosseous Membrane

73
Q

What movement does the joint Interosseous Membrane permits?

A

slight movement (amphiarthrosis)

74
Q

Examples of Interosseous Membrane

A

1.radius and ulna
2. tibia and fibula

75
Q

A __________________ is a cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage.

A

Synchondrosis

76
Q

What movement does the joint synchondrosis permits?

A

slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) to immovable (synarthrosis)

77
Q

Example of an Synchondrosis

A

Joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum.

78
Q

A ____________________ is a cartilaginous joint in which the ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones.

A

Symphsis

79
Q

What joint occur in the midline of the body?

A

Symphsis

80
Q

Example of Symphsis

A

pubic symphysis

81
Q

What movement does the joint Symphsis permits?

A

slightly movable joint (amphiarthrosis)

82
Q

_________________ are hyaline cartilage growth centers.

A

Epiphyseal Cartilage

83
Q

What movement does the joint Epiphyseal Cartilage permits?

A

not associated with
movement/ immovable joint (synarthrosis)

84
Q

Example of Epiphyseal Cartilage

A

Epiphyseal growth
plates

85
Q

When bone elongation ceases, bone replaces the hyaline cartilage, and becomes a _____________, a bony joint.

A

Synostosis

86
Q

All synovial joints are classified functionally as ______________________.

A

freely movable (diarthroses)

87
Q

The bones at a synovial joint are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage called ________________.

A

articular cartilage

88
Q

What does synovial joint consist of: (4)

A
  1. Articular cartilage
  2. Articular capsule
  3. Synovial membrane
  4. Synovial Fluid
89
Q

What are the 6 Synovial Joint?

A
  1. Plane joint
  2. Hinge joint
  3. Pivot joint
  4. Condyloid joint
  5. Saddle joint
  6. Ball-and-socket joint
90
Q

Articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved.

A

Plane Joint

91
Q

Examples of Plane Joint

A

~ intercarpal joints
~ intertarsal joints
~ acromioclavicular joints
~ acromioclavicular joints

92
Q

What movement does the plane joint permits?

A

back-and-forth, rotation and side-to-side movements

93
Q

Another term for Hinge Joint

A

Ginglymus Joint

94
Q

Another term for Condyloid Joint

A

Ellipsoidal Joint

95
Q

Another term for Saddle Joint

A

Sellar Joint

96
Q

Another term for Pivot Joint

A

Trochoid Joint

97
Q

Another term for ball-and-socket joint

A

Spheroid Joint

98
Q

Convex to concave articulation.

A

Hinge Joint

99
Q

_________________ produce an angular, opening-and closing motion.

A

Hinge joint

100
Q

Examples of Hinge Joint

A

~ knee
~ elbow
~ ankle
~ interphalangeal joints

101
Q

The rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament.

A

Pivot Joint

102
Q

Examples of Pivot Joint

A

~ atlanto-axial joint
~ radioulnar joints

103
Q

What movement does the Pivot Joint permits?

A

Allows rotation only around its own longitudinal axis.

104
Q

The convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone.

A

Condyloid Joint

105
Q

What movement does the Condyloid Joint permits?

A

flexion–extension and abduction–adduction, plus limited circumduction

106
Q

Examples of Condyloid Joint

A

~ radiocarpal (wrist) joint
~ metacarpophalangeal joints

107
Q

The articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the “saddle” as a sitting rider would sit.

A

Saddle Joint

108
Q

What movement does the Saddle Joint permits?

A

flexion–extension and abduction–adduction, plus limited circumduction

109
Q

Example of a Saddle Joint

A

Carpometacarpal joint

110
Q

Ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone.

A

Ball-and-socket Joint

111
Q

What movement does the Condyloid Joint permits?

A

flexion–extension, abduction– adduction, and limited circumduction

112
Q

Examples of Ball-and-socket Joint

A

~ shoulder and hip joints

113
Q

Degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost

A

Osteoarthritis

114
Q

“wear and tear” arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis

115
Q

What movement does the Ball-and-socket Joint permits?

A

flexion–extension, abduction– adduction, and rotation

General Anatomy Lecture (4 decks)

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