02 Cellular Adaptation Flashcards by Arvee Perez

Basic parts of a cell:

▪️cell membrane
▪️ER
▪️Nucleus
▪️ribosome
▪️golgi apparatus
▪️mitichondria
▪️lysosome

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The structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Building block of life

Duh grade 1 alam na ito
Jk

Cell

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Cell adaptayion is Normally confined to a fairly narrow range of function and structure by:

Genetic programs of metabolism
Differentiation
Specialization

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Steady state

Homeostasis

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Factors that determine whether injury or death would occur:

Strength of stimulus
Duration of stimulus
Health of the cell
Type of cell
Adaptability of cell

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Causes of cell injury and Death:

Ischemia/ Hypoxia
Infection
Chemical/drugs
Physical
Immunologic 
Genetic 
Nutritional

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Primary Targets in Cell Injury and death:

Cell Membrane
️Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cellular DNA

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Mechanisms of cell death and injury:

Depletion of ATP
Mitochondrial Damage
Influx of intracellular Calcium
Accumulation of Free Radicals
Defects in Membrane Permeability

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Cell Injury manifested as Cytoplasmic changes:

▪️Fatty change
▪️Inclusions (e.g. Pigments)
▪️Cell swelling

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Common causes of Fatty Change:

Malnutrition
Alcohols
Drugs

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Pigments found as inclusions during cell injury:

Carbon
Hemosiderin
Bilirubin
Lipofuscin
Melanin

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Examples of Inclusions found during cell injury:

Pigments
Proteins
Carbohydrates

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TYPES OF CELL ADAPTATION:

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

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Mechanisms of Adaptation:

Increasing cellular activity
Decreasing cellular activity
Altering cellular structure
Loss of maturation

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Increase in size

Hypertrophy

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Increase in number

Hyperplasia

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Altering cell structure

Metaplasia

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Loss of maturation

Dysplasia

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Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance and may lead to cell death

Atrophy

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Classifications of atrophy:

Physiologic

Pathologic

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Atrophy Due to decreased workload (e.g. Decreased size of uterus following childbirth, or disease)

Physiologic atrophy

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Atrophy primarily due to the denervation of muscle, diminished blood supply and nutritional deficiency

Pathologic atrophy

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Causes of cellular adapatation:

Reduced functional demand or disuse
In adequate supply of oxygen
Lack of trophic hormones
Malnutrition
loss of innervation 
diminished blood supply 
aging
Pressure

Increase in the size of cells which results in an increase in the size of the organs

▪️No new cells, just larger ones
▪️Synthesis more structural components
▪️can be physiologic or pathologic
▪️caused by the increased functional demand or specific hormonal stimulation

Hypertrophy

Adaptation Mostly seen in cells that cannot divide (skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle) These changes usually Revert to normal if the cause is removed

Hypertrophy

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue leading to increased organ or tissue size Occurs if the cellular population is capable of synthesizing DNA, permitting mitotic division

Hyperplasia

Classification of Hyperplasia in which there is Increased in local production of growth factor receptors on the responding cells activating transcription factors and leading to cell proliferation ▪️Hormonal (breast and uterus during pregnancy) ▪️Compensatory (regeneration of liver following partial hepatectomy)

Physiologic Hyperplasia

Classification of hyperplasia in which there is: stimulation of growth factors (hormonal or Viral infection- papilloma viruses) and it may also give rise to neoplasms

Pathologic hyperplasia

Also called as GRAVES DISEASE

Hyperthyroidism

An autoimmune disorder correct arise by diffuse goiter, hyperthyroidism, and exophthalmos

Hyperthyroidism

Immune mechanism of hyperthyroidism which increases thyroid hormone secretion:

IgG antibodies vs. TSH receptor (agonists)

Pathology of hyperthyroidism

Dark red, meaty; tall columnar epithelium with intra-luminal papillae

Proliferation of prostatic glands and stroma resulting in enlargement of the gland with obstruction of Urine flow through the bladder outlet

Nodular Hyperplasia, Prostate Gland

Gross pathology of prostate in NODULAR HYPERPLASIA

Nodular, enlarged, rubbery

Pathogenesis of NODULAR HYPERPLASIA

Unknown; altered normal testosterone:estrogen ratio that develops in the elderly

Microscopic pathology of nodular HYPERPLASIA

Fibromuscular and Glandular Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia usually secondary to chronic stimulation by corticotropin due to: - Cushing disease - ectopic corticotropin production by nonpituitary tumor

Adrenal cortical hyperplasia

Bilateral diffuse or nodular hyperplasia of adrenal glands

Adrenal cortical hyperplasia

Primary hypersecretion of corticotropin by pituitary tumor

Cushing disease

Primary aldosteronism seen in adrenal cortical hyperplasia

Conn Syndrome

Obesity, moon facies, osteoporosis HPN, amenorrhea, virilization seen in adrenal cortical hyperplasia

Cushing syndrome

Proliferative lesions of the endometrium usually resulting from hyperestrinism

Endometrial hyperplasia

REVERSIBLE Transformation for replacement of one adult cell type to another adult cell type

Metaplasia

Thought to arise from reprogramming of stem or undifferentiated cells that are present in adult tissue

Metaplasia

Most common transformation or replacement seen in metaplasia

Columnar to squamous cells

Metaplastic Transformation seen in respiratory tract among smokers

Columnar to squamous cells

Metaplastic Transformation seen in Barrett esophagitis

Squamous to columnar cells

Metaplasia of endocervical glandular epithelium due to chronic infection

Squamous metaplasia

Also occurs in mesenchymal tissue (e.g. formation of bone in skeletal muscle)

Metaplasia

Change from one type of mature another type of mature epithelium; persistence of stimulus may lead to dysplasia

Metaplasia

REVERSIBLE Abnormal growth and differentiation (Variations n size & shape, enlargement, irregularity, and hyperchromasia of nuclei, disorderly arrangement of cells within the epithelium)

Dysplasia

A pre-neoplastic lesion (A stage in the cellular evolution of cancer)

Dysplasia

Dysplasia in minor degree are associated with:

Chronic irritation or inflammation

Dysplasia is most frequently encountered in:

▪️Metaplastic squamous epithelium of the respiratory tract | ▪uterine cervix

Strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer; however it doesnt necessarily lead to cancer, due to its adaptive characteristics

Dysplasia