Staining

Question 0

Affinity of nucleus to stains

Answer 0

Acidic (nucleus) &raquo_space;»»> basic stains

Question 1

 The process of applying dyes on the sections to study architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of the cells.

Answer 1

Staining

Question 2

Affinity of cytoplasm to stains

Answer 2

Basic (cytoplasm)&raquo_space;»»> acidic stains

Question 3

MAJOR GROUPS OF TISSUE STAINING

Answer 3

1. HISTOLOGICAL STAINING
2. HISTOCHEMICAL STAIN (HISTOCHEMISTRY)
3. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING

Question 4

The process whereby the tissue constituents are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with a dye or staining solution

Answer 4

HISTOLOGICAL STAINING

Question 5

Examples of Histological staining

Answer 5

micro-anatomical stains, bacterial stains, specific tissue stains (e.g. muscles, connective tissue and neurologic stains)

Question 6

The process whereby various constituents of tissues are studied thru chemical reactions that permits microscopic localization of specific tissue substances

Answer 6

Histochemical staining (Histochemistry)

Question 7

Examples of Histochemical staining

Answer 7

Perl’s prussian blue reaction for hemoglobin and periodic acid schiff staining for carbohydrates

Question 8

Enzyme histochemistry:
Active reagent?
Tissue?

Answer 8

Active reagent: substrate

Tissue: enzymes

Question 9

 A combination of immunologic and histochemical techniques that allow phenotypic markers to be detected by antibodies (e. g. polyclonal, monoclonal, enzyme- labeled or fluorescent-labeled)

Answer 9

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STAINING

Question 10

Methods of Staining

Answer 10

1. Direct Staining

2. Indirect Staining

Question 11

Uses aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions (e.g. methylene blue, eosin) to produce a color

Answer 11

Direct Staining

Question 12

Uses a mordant or another agent to intensify the action of the dye used

Answer 12

Indirect Staining

Question 13

Serves as a link or bridge between the tissue and the dye

Answer 13

Mordant

Question 14

The dye may stain weakly by itself, therefore the mordant combines with the dye forming a colored “lake” which would combine with the tissue forming an insoluble “tissue-mordant-dye-complex”, which would allow subsequent counterstaining and dehydration

Answer 14

Mordant

Question 15

Examples of mordant

Answer 15

Potassium alum with hematoxylin in Ehrlich’s hematoxylin

Iron in Weigert’s hematoxylin

Question 16

• Not essential and does not participate to the chemical reaction of the tissue and dye
• Accelerates the speed of the staining reaction by increasing the staining power and selectivity of the dye

Answer 16

Accentuator

Question 17

Examples of Accentuator

Answer 17

Potassium hydroxide in Loeffler’s methylene blue, Phenol in Carbol thionine and Carbol fuchsin

Question 18

• Tissue elements are stained in definite sequence

- The staining with specific periods of time or until desired color is attained

Answer 18

Progressive Staining

Question 19

 -First over-stain the tissue to obliterate cellular details
-Excess stain is removed or decolorized from unwanted parts of the tissue and until the desired color is obtained

Answer 19

Regressive Staining

Question 20

The selective removal of excess stain from the tissue during regressive staining so that a specific subatance may stain distinctly from the surrounding tissue

Answer 20

DIFFERENTIATION / DECOLORIZATION

Question 21

Differentiation/decolorization is usually done by washing the section in?

Answer 21

in simple solution (e.g. water or alcohol) or use of acids and oxidizing agents

Question 22

Differentiator for both acidic and basic dyes by dissolving excess dye

Answer 22

Alcohol

Question 23

Can oxidize hematoxylin to a soluble, colorless compound.
Disadvantage: if a mordant stained section is allowed to remain in a differentiating agent such as 1% or 2% alcohol, all of the dye will be removed.
– Restaining faded slides

Answer 23

Mordant (e.g. iron alum)

Question 24

Makes use of specific dyes which differentiate particular substances by staining it with a color that is different from that of the stain itself (metachromasia)

Answer 24

Metachromatic Staining

Question 25

Metachromatic dyes (basic) belongs to?

Answer 25

Thizine and triphenylmethane groups

Question 26

Examples of metachromatic dyes

Answer 26

1. Methyl violet or crystal violet 2. Cresyl blue (for reticulocytes) 3. Safranin 4. Bismarck brown 5. Basic fuchsin 6. Methylene blue 7. Thionine 8. Toluidine blue 9. Azure A, B, C

Question 27

Necessary for most metachromatic staining techniques

Answer 27

Water

Question 28

Application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the staining of the structural components to be demonstrated.

Answer 28

COUNTERSTAINING

Question 29

Cytoplasmic stains: Red? Yellow? Green?

Answer 29

Red: Eosin Y, Eosin B, Phloxine B Yellow: Picric acid, Orange G, Rose Bengal Green: Lt. Green SF, Lissamine Green

Question 30

Nuclear Stains: Red? Blue?

Answer 30

Red: Neutral Red, Safranin O, Carmine, Hematoxylin Blue: Methylene blue, Toluidine Blue, Celestine blue

Question 31

The process where specific tissue elements are demonstrated not by stains but by colorless solutions of metallic salts which are deposited on the surface of the tissue

Answer 31

Metallic Impregnation

Question 32

Solutions used for metallic impregnation

Answer 32

Gold chloride, Silver nitrate

Question 33

 The selective staining of living cell constituents | Nucleus is resistant to this type of staining

Answer 33

Vital Staining

Question 34

Vital Stains demonstrates cytoplasmic structures by

Answer 34

By engulfment of the dye particle   | By staining of pre-existing cellular components

Question 35

Two types of vital staining

Answer 35

1. Intravital staining | 2. Supravital staining

Question 36

Staining by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body -e.g. lithium, carmine and India ink

Answer 36

Intravital staining

Question 37

Used immediately after removal of cells from the living body e.g. Neutral red (best), Janus green (mitochondria), Trypan blue, Nile blue, Thionine and Toluidine Blue

Answer 37

Supravital staining

Question 38

Most common method utilized for microanatomica studies of tissues

Answer 38

Routine Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E)

Question 39

H & E result: Nuclei

Answer 39

Blue to blue black

Question 40

H & E result: Karyosome

Answer 40

Dark blue

Question 41

H & E result: Cytoplasm

Answer 41

Pale pink

Question 42

H & E result: RBCs, eosinophilic granules, keratin

Answer 42

Bright-orange red

Question 43

H & E result: Calcium and decalcified bone

Answer 43

Purplish blue

Question 44

Decalcified bone matrix, collagen, osteoid

Answer 44

Pink