03 Inflammation Flashcards
0
Q
A protective response
A
Inflammation
1
Q
A complex reaction to various injurious agents
A
Inflammation
2
Q
Inflammation is consists of
A
Vascular responses
Migration
Activation of leukocytes
Systemic reactions
3
Q
Ultimate goal of inflammation
A
Remove initial cause of injury
Remove consequences of injury
4
Q
Unique features
A
Reaction of blood vessels
Accumulation of fluids and electrolytes in extravascular space
5
Q
2 types of tissue repair
A
Regeneration
Scarring
6
Q
Tissues and cells involved in inflammation
A
Fluid and plasma proteins Blood vessels Circulating cells (wbcs) CT cells (macrophages, mast cells, fibroblasts) Extracellular matrix (collagen, elastin) Adhesive glycoproteins
7
Q
Cardinal signs: causes
A
Calor Rubor Tumor Dolor Functio laesa
8
Q
Increased blood flow and increased cellular metabolism; heat
A
Calor
9
Q
Vasodilatation and increased blood flow; redness
A
Rubor
10
Q
Vasodilatation, edema, and neutrophilic response; swelling
A
Tumor
11
Q
Stimulation of neuronal pathways by chemical mediators, edema (stretching of sensory receptors) and neutrophils; pain
A
Dolor
12
Q
Loss or impairment of function from reflexive disuse due to pain, and mechanical or structural necrosis and/or healing
A
Functio laesa
13
Q
Inflammation is terminated when the inciting agent is ________ and the mediators have ________
A
Eliminated, degenerated
14
Q
2 types of inflammation
A
Acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation
15
Q
A rapid response to an injurious agent that aims to rapidly bring mediators of inflammation to the site of injury
A
Acute inflammation
16
Q
3 major components of Acute inflammation
A
Alterations in the vasculature
Structural changes (microvasculature)
Emigration, accumulation, and activation
17
Q
Cells that infiltrate during acute inflammation
A
Polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
18
Q
Stimuli for acute inflammation
A
Infections Trauma Physical and chemical agents Tissue necrosis Foreign bodies Immune reactions
19
Q
Mediators of acute inflammation
A
Vasoactive amines (histamine and serotonin)
Kinins (bradykinin)
Complement system (C3a)
Clotting system
20
Q
Clotting system
A
Arachidonic acid metabolites Oxygen metabolites Platelet aggregating factor Nitric oxide Cytokines
21
Q
Local manifestations of acute inflammation
A
Vascular dilatation and increased blood flow
Extravasation (edema)
Leukocyte emigration and accumulation
22
Q
Components of inflammatory response
A
Vascular reaction
Cellular reaction
23
Q
Vascular reaction
A
Vasodilation
Increased permeability
24
Cellular reaction
```
Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Transmigration
Migration
```
25
Earliest manifestation of acute inflammation
Vasodilation
26
Hallmark of acute inflammation
Increased vascular permeability
27
WBC to interstitial tissues
Extravasation
28
Cellular events in acute inflammation
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Extravasation
Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Diapedesis
Migration (chemotaxis)
```
29
Outcome of acute inflammation
Resolution
Chronic inflammation
Healing
Abscess formation
30
Refers to an excess fluid in the interstitial tissue or serous cavities
Edema
31
The escape of fluid, proteins and blood cells from the vascular system into interstitial tissue or body cavities
Exudation
32
Two types of exudation
Exudate
| Transudate
33
Protein content of exudate
High
34
Specific gravity of exudate
>1.020
35
Cellular components of exudate
Inflammatory cells, cellular debris
36
Protein content of transudate
Low (albumin)
37
Specific gravity of transudate
<1.020
38
Cellular components of transudate
None
39
An exudate rich in inflammatory cells (leukocytes) and cellular debris
Pus
40
Plasma-like effusion with no cells
Serous
41
Inflammation of the serous cavities
Peritonitis
42
Inflammation of synovial joint
Acute synovitis
43
Denote the production of pus
Purulent or suppurative
44
Caused by pyogenic bacteria
Purulent or suppurative acute inflammation
45
Localized collection of pus in a tissue
Abscess
46
Empyema
Hollow viscous fills with pus
47
Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; contains large amounts of fibrinogen
Fibrinous
48
Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; Often seen in acute pericarditis giving the parietal and visceral pericardium a 'bread and butter' appearance
Fibrinous
49
Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; Contains fibrinous or fibrinopurulent material with necrotic cells
Membranous
50
Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; Often found in mucous membranes, some microbial infection
Membranous
51
Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; Contains both serous and hemmorhagic materials
Serosanguinous
52
Acute inflammation morphologic pattern; Caused by bleeding, serous oxidation like injury and burns
Serosanguinous
53
Types of exudates in inflammatory processes
Hemorrhagic
| Mucinous or Cattarhal
54
Contains large amount of RBCs and other cells; damaged or vascular injury or permeable blood vessels or depletion of coagulation factors
Hemorrhagic
55
Acute pancreatitis due to proteolytic destruction of vascular walls, and in meningococcal septicemia due to disseminated intravascular coagulation
Hemorrhagic
56
When mucus hypersecretion accompanies acute inflammation of a mucous membrane
Mucinous or Catarrhal
57
Contains large amount of mucous and epithelial cells
Mucinous or Cattarhal
58
Example of mucinous or cattarhal
Allergic rhinitis
59
Types of inflammation according to LOCATION
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Abscess
Ulcer
Cattarhal
Membranous
Pseudomembranous
```
60
Localized collection of pus in a part of the body, surrounded by an inflamed area
Abscess
61
Area of the abscess look like?
Giant boil or cyst
62
An open sore of the skin, eyes or mucous membrane, often cause by an initial abrasion and generally maintained by an inflammation and an infection
Ulcer
63
Type of inflammation on the mucosal surface; thick mucous and white blood cells
Cattarhal
64
An epithelium becomes coated with fibrin, desquamated epithelial cells and inflammatory cells
Membranous
65
An example of membranous inflammation is the grey membrane seen in pharyngitis or laryngitis due to what bacteria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
66
Formed by the fibrin and necrotic surface epithelium; a structure which resembles the luminal surface of the tissue
Pseudomembranous
67
Types of inflammation according to DISTRIBUTION/ Location of lesion in an organ
Focal
Multifocal
Locally extensive
Diffuse
68
Single abnormality or inflamed area within a tissue
Focal
69
Size of focal lesion
1 mm to several cm in diameter
70
Arising from or pertaining to many foci (several foci separated from one another); size is variable
Multifocal
71
Involvement of considerable area within an organ
Locally extensive
72
Locally extensive is also known as
Focally extensive
73
Involve all the tissue or organ in which the inflammation is present
Diffuse
74
Example of diffuse inflammation
Interstitial pneumonia
75
Outcome of acute inflammation
Complete resolution
Healing (by CT replacement and scarring)
Abscess formation
Progression to chronic inflammation
76
An inflammation of prolonged duration; infiltration by mononuclear cells(macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
Chronic inflammation
77
Causes of chronic inflammation
Follows an acute inflammation
| Repeated bouts of acute inflammation
78
Persistent infections of intracellular microbes
Tubercle bacilli
| Viral infections
79
Prolonges exposure to nondegradable but potentially harmful substances
Silicosis
| Asbestosis
80
Immune reactions
Autoimmune diseases
81
Morphologic of chronic inflammation
- Infiltration of mononuclear cells
- Tissue destruction
- Attempts at healing by CT replacement
82
A distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation; characterized by formation of granulomas
Granulomatous inflammation
83
Focal aggregation of activated macrophages which are transformed in an epithelial-like (ephetiloid) cells
Granuloma
84
Example of granulomatous inflammation
Tuberculosis, leprosy, syphilis
85
Two types of granuloma
Foreign body granuloma
| Immune granuloma
86
Caused by inert foreign bodies; material (talc), sutures; no inflammatory or immune reactions present
Foreign body granuloma
87
Caused by immune T cell-mediated reactions; insoluble particles (microbial parts); inflammatory reactions present
Immune granuloma
88
Types of resolution inflammation (Healing)
- Simple resolution
- Regeneration
- Replacement by a CT scar
89
Resolution that has No destruction of normal tissue; offending agent is neutralized; vessels return to their normal permeability state; excess fluid is reabsorbed; clearance of mediators and inflammatory cells
Simple resolution
90
Replacement of lost or necrotic tissue with a new tissue that is structurally and functionally similar to those that were destroyed
Regeneration
91
The intact, healthy neighboring cells surrounding the dead cells will proliferate to replace the affected cells
Regeneration
92
Formation of the mature scar
Cicatrization
93
Scar; less vascular, pale, contracting scar tissue
Cicatrix
94
Systemic effects inflammation
Fever, increase in pulse and blood pressure, decreased in sweating, rigors, chills, anorexia, somnolence, malaise, lymphadenopathy
Increased plasma levels of acute phase proteins (CRP, serum amyloid A protein)
Leukocytosis
Sepsis
Shock
95
Factors modifying the inflammatory-reparative response
- Adequacy of blood supply
- Nutritional status of the patient
- Presence or absence of infection
- Presence or absence of diabetes mellitus
- Presence or absence of immunosuppressive drugs
- Adequate levels of circulating, normal functioning WBCs
96
Example of immunosuppressive drugs
Glucocorticosteroids
97
Reorganization of fibrous tissue, contraction of wound edges
Remodeling
98
Hollow viscus fills with pus
Emyema
99
Types of accute inflammation morphologic patterns
```
Serous
Purulent/Suppurative
Fibrinous
Membranous
Serosanguinous
```
100
Reorganization of fibrous tissue, contraction of wound edges
Remodeling
100
Hollow viscus fills with pus
Emyema
100
Types of accute inflammation morphologic patterns
```
Serous
Purulent/Suppurative
Fibrinous
Membranous
Serosanguinous
```
