03.02.25

Question 3

Certainly! Here are flashcards based on your notes to aid in studying homeostasis and related biological processes:

Question 6

Flashcard 1

Question 7

Q: What is homeostasis?

Question 8

A: The maintenance of a constant internal environment within tolerable limits.([Quizlet][1])

Question 9

Flashcard 2

Question 10

Q: What are the consequences of homeostatic failure?

Question 11

A: It can lead to deficiencies (blocked/impaired beneficial pathways) or toxicities (excess buildup of harmful elements).

Question 12

Flashcard 3

Question 13

Q: What is negative feedback?

Question 14

A: A mechanism where a change in a regulated variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change

Answer 14

restoring the variable to its set point.([Brainscape][2])

Question 15

Flashcard 4

Question 16

Q: What is positive feedback?

Question 17

A: A process where a change in a parameter leads to further change

Answer 17

amplifying the initial stimulus.

Question 20

Flashcard 5

Question 21

Q: How do marine organisms prevent excess water loss?

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A: They have impermeable membranes and are often isotonic to their environment; marine mammals

Answer 22

turtles

Question 23

Flashcard 6

Question 24

Q: How do freshwater organisms manage water influx?

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**A:** Being hypertonic to their environment

Answer 25

they prevent excess water entry through impermeable surfaces and regulate water permeability via specialized cells.

Question 26

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Question 27

### 🔄 Membrane Transport Mechanisms

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**Flashcard 7**

Question 29

**Q:** What characterizes passive transport?

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**A:** Movement of substances down their concentration gradient without ATP; includes diffusion and facilitated diffusion via protein channels or carriers.([Pearson][3])

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**Flashcard 8**

Question 32

**Q:** What defines active transport?

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**A:** Movement of substances against their concentration gradient

Answer 33

requiring energy (ATP); involves specific carrier proteins.([Save My Exams][4]

Question 34

**Flashcard 9**

Question 35

**Q:** What are the types of active transport proteins?

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**A:** Uniporters (single molecule)

Answer 36

symporters (two molecules in the same direction)

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**Flashcard 10**

Question 38

**Q:** What is the sodium-potassium pump?

Question 39

**A:** A primary active transport mechanism that moves Na⁺ out and K⁺ into the cell

Answer 39

maintaining electrochemical gradients.([ditki medical & biological sciences][5])

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Question 41

### 📦 Vesicular Transport

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**Flashcard 11**

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**Q:** What are the types of vesicles in cells?

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**A:** Vacuoles (storage)

Answer 44

lysosomes (digestion)

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**Flashcard 12**

Question 46

**Q:** What is exocytosis?

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**A:** The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell; can be regulated (Ca²⁺ dependent) or constitutive (continuous).

Question 48

**Flashcard 13**

Question 49

**Q:** What is endocytosis?

Question 50

**A:** The uptake of substances into the cell via vesicle formation; includes phagocytosis (solids)

Answer 50

pinocytosis (fluids)

Question 51

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Question 52

### 🧪 Protein Synthesis & Processing

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**Flashcard 14**

Question 54

**Q:** Where are proteins destined for export synthesized?

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**A:** On the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER); they are then modified and packaged into vesicles for secretion.

Question 56

**Flashcard 15**

Question 57

**Q:** What is the role of the smooth ER?

Question 58

**A:** Synthesis of carbohydrates

Answer 58

lipids