Block 3

Question 1

Types of herbivore adaptions

Answer 1

Lophed teeth - sharp enamel blades
Dental durability
Cellulose injection - specific enzymes
Hindgut fermenter - simple stomach
Foregut fermenter - no need to chew

Question 2

Carnivore hunting strategies- 2

Answer 2

Sit and wait
Search and chase

Question 3

Predators need

Answer 3

find, catch, kill and digest prey
requires intelligence, good sense, stamina

Question 4

Scavengers

Answer 4

feed on dead material
scanevge alone and hunt in packs

Question 5

Ant eating characteristics

Answer 5

Elongated jaw and tongue
Teeth reduced or absent
Enlarged salivary glands

Question 6

Pathogens definition

Answer 6

an organism or molecule capable of causing disease

Question 7

Successful pathogen 3 steps

Answer 7

Invade a host - adhere to host, invade hosts defences
Cause disease - produce toxins and trigger immune response
Spread to new host - direct or indirect transmission

Question 8

Host-pathogen evolution 3 types

Answer 8

Arms race
Within host evolution
Coevolution

Question 9

Endemic, pandemic and epidemic meaning

Answer 9

Endemic - limited in space
Epidemic limited in time and space
Pandemic limited in time

Question 10

Antibiotics definition

Answer 10

Compound that inhibits growth or kills bacteria

Question 11

Antibacterial

Answer 11

drug, chemical or other substance that kills or stops growth of bacteria

Question 12

Anti microbial

Answer 12

drug chemical or other substance that kills, inactivates or slows the growth of microbes

Question 13

Types of action on bacteria

Answer 13

bacteriostatic - blocks growth without affecting viability
bactericidal - blocks growth and viability but no direct lysis
bacteriolytic - causes lysis

Question 14

Modes of action against bacteria

Answer 14

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
Disruption to plasma membrane
Inhibition of protein synthesis
Nucleic acid inhibit

Question 15

Prophylaxis and metaphylaxis

Answer 15

P - treatment of healthy animals to prevent disease
M - treatment of animals that may have disease but not showing symptoms yet

Question 16

Why is resistance a problem ?

Answer 16

Limited supply of targets and new drugs
More profitable alternatives to drugs
Resistance to new drugs

Question 17

Mechanisms of resistance

Answer 17

Decreasaed permeabitly
Efflux pumps
Inactivating enzymes
Alternative enzyme modify antibiotic

Question 18

Treatment of fungal infections

Answer 18

Limited no of drugs
Quarantine and good hygiene
Nystatin, polyenes, amphotericin B

Question 19

Advantage of Lactation

Answer 19

minimise energy costs to mother while maximising newborn survival
rapid growth
immunity
taste preference
social bonds

Question 20

Composition of milk

Answer 20

water, fat, carbs, protein, minerals

Question 21

What do cytokines do ?

Answer 21

Cytokines regulate immune cell activation and function and immune cell development

Question 22

White blood cells

Answer 22

circulate blood and migrate into tissues during infection
some reside permanently in tissues

Question 23

Physical barriers to infection

Answer 23

Skin
Oil and sweat glands give skin pH of 3-5
Lysozyme break bacterial cell wall
Digestive tract stomach acid
Urogenital tract - acidic urine
Repiratory tract - ciliary action

Question 24

Innate immunity

Answer 24

recognize molecular patterns on pathogens, pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
recognised by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Question 25

Phagocytosis by neutrophils

Answer 25

1 recognition of bacteria 2 pseudopodia formation 3 bacteria engulfed in phagosome 4 contents of granule secreted into vesicle 5 toxic products kill bacteria

Question 26

Eosinophils

Answer 26

Host defence against nematodes and other parasitic infections secretes lysozymes, ROS and toxic proteins to kill parasite

Question 27

Monocyte Funtion

Answer 27

maturing cells on their way from bone marrow to tissue when they form macrophages

Question 28

Macrophages funtion

Answer 28

Function as long lived tissue phagocytes associated with chronic inflammation and chronic infections

Question 29

Natural Killer cells

Answer 29

cytotoxic killing of cells infected with virus infected cells send out chemical signal to tell immune system

Question 30

Inflammatory Response

Answer 30

Injured cells release chemical alarm e.g. histamine cause nearby blood vessels to dilate and increase permeability promote phagocyte accumulation

Question 31

Complement system

Answer 31

30 proteins circulating blood become activated proteins aggregate to form membrane attack complex (MAC) pathogen swells and bursts

Question 32

Antigen

Answer 32

provokes a specific immune response

Question 33

Adaptive immunity acquired in 2 ways

Answer 33

Active - activation of own lymphocytes Passive immunity- obtain another individuals antibodies

Question 34

Adaptive immunity characterised by

Answer 34

specificity of recognition of antigen wide diversity of antigens memory ability to distinguish self antigens

Question 35

Differentiated lymphocytes - memory cells and effector cells

Answer 35

Effector t cells - cytotoxic (killing) and helper (produce cytokines that direct other immune responses) Effector b cells - plasma cells (respond to antigen by secreting antibodies)

Question 36

Major histocompatibily complex

Answer 36

cell surface receptor essential for recognition of foreign antigens MHC class 1 - found in all nucelated cells MHC class 2 - found on only antigen presenting cells