04. Intro to Research

Question 1

Basic research

Answer 1

FOCUSED ON DEVELOPING THEORY; Understand, explore,develop theory; Describe & provide foundation; Process of collecting/analyzing info to develop theory

Question 2

Applied research

Answer 2

FOCUSED ON TESTING A THEORY; Apply & test theory; Predict, compare & explain cause; Results either support or don’t support a theory; Action research

Question 3

Nuremberg Code

Answer 3

1947; 10 standards to which physicians must conform when carrying out experiments; Require voluntary informed consent; Risk must be weighed against the expected benefit; Avoid actions that injure humans

Question 4

National Research Act

Answer 4

1974; Belmont Report - a foundational document in the US for ethics; Respect for persons - Informed consent; Beneficence - Assessment of risks and benefits; Justice - Fair selection of subjects; Requires proposed research to be approved by an authorized group (IRB)

Question 5

Discrete variable definition

Answer 5

Whole numbers; Possibilities within a variable are distinct within a certain range of values (e.g. children in a family)

Question 6

Continuous variable definition

Answer 6

Any value withina given range (e.g. BP)

Question 7

Types of qualitative research

Answer 7

Historical; Case study; Biography; Ethnography; Phenomenology

Question 8

Reliability vs. Validity

Answer 8

Test CANNOT be VALID WITHOUT also BEING RELIABLE; A test can be RELIABLE WITHOUT BEING VALID.

Question 9

Types of reliability

Answer 9

Stability (Test-retest); Equivalence; Equivalence & Stability

Question 10

Stability

Answer 10

Type of reliability; Results consistent over TIME

Question 11

Equivalence

Answer 11

Type of reliability; Results are consistent over DIFFERENT FORMS

Question 12

Equivalence & Stability

Answer 12

Type of reliability; One version of test yields comparative results to an alternate version after a period of time

Question 13

Types of validity

Answer 13

Content Validity; Construct Validity; Criterion-related Validity

Question 14

Content validity

Answer 14

Measures the intended CONTENT AREA; Judge needed

Question 15

Construct validity

Answer 15

Degree to which TEST ITEMS get at the construct the test is intended to measure

Question 16

Criterion-related validity

Answer 16

SCORES are RELATED to a separate ALREADY VALID test; Extent to which test PREDICTS BEHAVIOR

Question 17

Population

Answer 17

Large group of subjects

Question 18

Sample

Answer 18

Group of subjects selected from a population

Question 19

Parameter

Answer 19

Numerical value that describes a POPULATION

Question 20

Statistic

Answer 20

Numerical value that describes a SAMPLE; Tool to ORGANIZE DATA and DRAW CONCLUSIONS

Question 21

Descriptive statistics

Answer 21

Procedures used to summarize, organize, and simplify data

Question 22

Interferential Statistics

Answer 22

Procedures that ALLOW CONCLUSIONS about a population to be drawn from sample data

Question 23

Descriptive statistic categories

Answer 23

Central tendency; Dispersion (or Variation); Relative Position

Question 24

Sampling error

Answer 24

CHANCE inaccuracies

Question 25

Sampling bias

Answer 25

Inaccuracies that are ACTUAL ERRORS d/t the SAMPLE NOT BEING REPRESENTATIVE; Controllable; Results of study become INVALID

Question 26

Measures of central tendency

Answer 26

Mean, median, & mode; Describe HOW SIMILAR

Question 27

Mean

Answer 27

Average

Question 28

Median

Answer 28

Score in the middle when everything arranged in ascending or descending order; best for data including EXTREME SCORES

Question 29

Mode

Answer 29

Most frequent score; Best central tendency score for nominal or ordinal data

Question 30

Measures of dispersion

Answer 30

Range, standard deviation, & variance; How DISSIMILAR, SPREAD OUT

Question 31

sd

Answer 31

Standard deviation for a SAMPLE; Square root of the variance; (almost always what we use)

Question 32

Range

Answer 32

Quick & easy, but not very stable and easily affected by extreme scores

Question 33

Measures of relative proportion

Answer 33

Percentile ranks, standard scores (z- & t-scores); COMPARISON of one to others

Question 34

Distribution

Answer 34

Assumption that samples were taken from populations with normal distributions; normally distributed populations will have all 3 measures of central tendency that are about equal

Question 35

Positively Skewed Distribution

Answer 35

Peak at the left of the graph with long tail on the right

Question 36

Negatively Skewed Distribution

Answer 36

Tail at the left of the graph with peak on the right

Question 37

Major classifications of research

Answer 37

Non-experimental; Experimental

Question 38

Non-experimental

Answer 38

Does not exert any direct influence

Question 39

Types of non-experimental research

Answer 39

Qualitative; Descriptive (Quantitative); Correlational

Question 40

Experimental research

Answer 40

Researcher exerts control over one or more variables

Question 41

Steps of scientific method

Answer 41

1 - Problem; 2 - Plan; 3 - Analyze; 4 - Results, Conclusion & Implications

Question 42

When is research not worth doing?

Answer 42

If there is not an unsettling problem that needs attention

Question 43

What components are in methodology?

Answer 43

Design; Instrumentation; Participants; Variables; Plan for analyzing data

Question 44

Quantitative Research Design

Answer 44

Highly structured; STRICT RULES

Question 45

Qualitative Research Design

Answer 45

Fairly FLEXIBLE; Design can EVOLVE during study