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LFCA - INTRODUCTION TO LINUX (LFS 101) > 04. Linux Basics and System Startup > Flashcards

04. Linux Basics and System Startup Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What are the Linux boot process steps?

A
  1. Power on
  2. Firmware (BIOS or UEFI)
  3. Boot Device (Master Boot Record - MBR)
  4. Boot loader
  5. Kernel
  6. Initial RAM disk
  7. /sbin/init (parent process)
  8. Command shell using getty
  9. GUI (x window or wayland)
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2
Q

What does BIOS stand for?

A

Basic Input/Output System

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3
Q

When the computer is powered on, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) initializes the hardware, including the screen and keyboard, and tests the main memory.

A

The Boot Process: BIOS - The First Step, also called POST (Power On Self Test)

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4
Q

What does POST stand for?

A

Power On Self Test

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5
Q

The __________ is stored on a read-only memory (ROM) chip on the motherboard.

A

BIOS software

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6
Q

Once the POST is completed, system control passes from the BIOS to __________.

A

The boot loader

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7
Q

The boot loader is usually stored on one of the (1) _____________, such as a (2)__________ or (3)____________ drive

A
  1. System’s storage devices
  2. hard disk
  3. SSD
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8
Q

boot sector (for traditional ___________ systems)

A

BIOS/MBR

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9
Q

The EFI partition (for more recent (Unified) Extensible Firmware Interface or ______).

A

EFI/UEFI systems

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10
Q

After system control passes from the BIOS to the boot loader, Information on the date, time, and the most important peripherals are loaded from the _______ values.

A

CMOS

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11
Q

____________________ is a type of semiconductor technology widely used to build integrated circuits (ICs)

A

Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS)

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12
Q

__________________: A small CMOS memory chip on a computer’s motherboard, powered by a battery, stores the system’s basic configuration settings (BIOS settings), date, and time when the computer is turned off.

A

Battery-Backed CMOS (CMOS Chip)

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13
Q

The most common Linux boot loaders are:

A
  1. GRUB
  2. ISOLINUX
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14
Q

GRUB stands for?

A

GRand Unified Boot loader

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15
Q

boot loader for booting from removable media?

A

ISOLINUX

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16
Q

boot loader for booting on embedded devices/appliances?

A

DAS U-Boot

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17
Q

Most Linux ___________ can present a user interface for choosing alternative options for booting Linux and even other operating systems that might be installed.

A

boot loaders

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18
Q

__________ is responsible for loading the kernel image and the initial RAM disk or filesystem into memory.

A

the boot loader

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19
Q

_________ is the information in the first sector of a hard disk or a removable drive. It identifies how and where the system’s operating system (OS) is located in order to be booted (loaded) into the computer’s main storage or random access memory (RAM).

A

The Master Boot Record (MBR)

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20
Q

The boot loader has two distinct stages:

A
  1. a. For systems using the BIOS/MBR method: the boot loader examines the partition table and finds a bootable partition. Once it finds a bootable partition, it then searches for the second stage boot loader, for example GRUB, and loads it into RAM.
  2. b. For systems using the EFI/UEFI method: UEFI firmware reads its Boot Manager data to determine which UEFI application is to be launched and from where (i.e., from which disk and partition the EFI partition can be found). The firmware then launches the UEFI application, for example GRUB, as defined in the boot entry in the firmware’s boot manager.
  3. The second stage boot loader resides under /boot. A splash screen is displayed, which allows us to choose which operating system (OS) and/or kernel to boot. After the OS and kernel are selected, the boot loader loads the kernel of the operating system into RAM and passes control to it.
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21
Q

The ________ filesystem image contains programs and binary files that perform all actions needed to mount the proper root filesystem, and loading the device drivers for mass storage controllers.

A

initramfs

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22
Q

_________ responsible for figuring out which devices are present, locating the device drivers they need to operate properly, and loading them

A

udev system (for user device)

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23
Q

The (1)_______ program instructs the operating system that a filesystem is ready for use and associates it with a particular point in the overall hierarchy of the filesystem ((2)________).

A
  1. mount
  2. the mount point
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24
Q

If mount is successful, the initramfs is cleared from RAM, and the (1)______ program on the root filesystem ((2)_______) is executed.

A
  1. init
  2. /sbin/init
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25
________ handles the mounting and pivoting over to the final real root filesystem.
init
26
Near the end of the boot process, _____ starts a number of text-mode login prompts.
init
27
the terminals which run the command shells can be accessed using the __________.
ALT key plus a function key
28
switching to a text console requires pressing _________
CTRL-ALT + the appropriate function (with F7 or F1 leading to the GUI)
29
bash stands for?
the GNU Bourne Again Shell
30
The _____ prints a text prompt, indicating it is ready to accept commands;
shell
31
The boot loader loads both the kernel and an initial RAM–based file system (initramfs) into memory, so it can be used directly by the ______.
kernel
32
When the _______ is loaded in RAM, it immediately initializes and configures the computer’s memory and also configures all the hardware attached to the system.
kernel
33
Once the kernel has set up all its hardware and mounted the root filesystem, the kernel runs ________. This then becomes the initial process, which then starts other processes to get the system running
/sbin/init
34
Besides starting the system, _______ is responsible for keeping the system running and for shutting it down cleanly.
init (SysVinit)
35
One of its responsibilities is to act when necessary as a manager for all non-kernel processes;
init (SysVinit)
36
it cleans up after them upon completion, and restarts user login services as needed when users log in and out, and does the same for other background system services.
init (SysVinit)
37
________ viewed things as a serial process, divided into a series of sequential stages. Each stage required completion before the next could proceed.
SysVinit
38
The two main SysVinit alternatives developed were:
1. Upstart 2. systemd
39
- Developed by Ubuntu and first included in 2006 - Adopted in Fedora 9 (in 2008) and in RHEL 6 and its clones
Upstart
40
- Adopted by Fedora first (in 2011) - Adopted by RHEL 7 and SUSE - Replaced Upstart in Ubuntu 16.04
systemd
41
Systems with _______ start up faster than those with earlier init methods.
systemd
42
systemd vs init executions
systemd: parallelization init: serialized
43
configuration files, which enumerate (1)______________________________________, (2)_________________________, and (3)__________________________
1. what has to be done before a service is started 2. how to execute service startup 3. what conditions the service should indicate have been accomplished when startup is finished
44
One thing to note is that /sbin/init now just points to _______________;
/lib/systemd/systemd
45
One systemd command (___________) is used for most basic tasks.
systemctl
46
Different types of filesystems supported by Linux:
1. Conventional disk filesystems 2. Flash storage filesystems 3. Database filesystems 4. Special purpose filesystems
47
Conventional disk filesystems:
1. ext3 2. ext4 3. XFS 4. Btrfs 5. JFS 6. NTFS 7. vfat 8. exfat
48
Flash storage filesystems:
1. ubifs 2. jffs2 3. yaffs
49
Special purpose filesystems:
1. procfs 2. sysfs 3. tmpfs 4. squashfs 5. debugfs 6. fuse
50
A __________ is a dedicated subsection of physical storage media
partition
51
A _________ is just a method of storing and accessing files.
filesystem
52
A comparison between filesystems in Windows and Linux (Partition)
Disk1, /dev/sda1
53
A comparison between filesystems in Windows and Linux (Filesystem type)
NTFS/VFAT, EXT3/EXT4/XFS/BTRFS...
54
A comparison between filesystems in Windows and Linux (Mounting parameters)
DriveLetter, MountPoint
55
A comparison between filesystems in Windows and Linux (Base folder (where OS is stored))
Windows: C:\ Linux: /
56
Linux systems store their important files according to a standard layout called the _____________
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
57
Multiple drives and/or partitions are mounted as __________ in the single filesystem.
directories
58
Removable media such as USB drives and CDs, and DVDs will show up as mounted at __________________ for recent Linux systems or under /media for older distributions.
/run/media/yourusername/disklabel
59
Essential User Command Binaries
/bin/
60
Static Files of The Boot Loader
/boot/
61
Device Files
/dev/
62
Host-Specific System Configuration
/etc/
63
User Home Directory
/home/
64
Essential Shared Libraries and Kernel Modules
/lib/
65
Mount Point for Removable Media
/media/
66
Mount Point for Temporarily Mounted Files
/mnt/
67
Add-On Application Software Packages
/opt/
68
System Binaries
/sbin/
69
Data for Services Provided by The System
/srv/
70
Temporary Files
/temp/
71
(Multi-)user Utilities and Applications
/usr/
72
Variable Files
/var/
73
Home Directory for The Root User
/root/
74
Virtual Filesystem Documenting Kernel and Process Status as Text Files
/proc/
75
Linux Distribution (Server):
1. Debian 2. RHEL/CentOS 3. SUSE/OpenSUSE 4. Ubuntu Server
76
Linux Distribution (Desktop):
1.Ubuntu 2. Fedora 3. Debian 4. ArchLinux
77
Linux Distribution (Embedded):
1. Yocto 2. Open Embedded 3. Android
78
Which is responsible for launching Linux?
Boot Loader
79

LFCA - INTRODUCTION TO LINUX (LFS 101) (3 decks)

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