04.06.16 Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
What’s the three energy needs for the body?
A
Mechanical work
Chemical work
And transport work
2
Q
What does chemical work ?
A
Anabolism and catabolism require energy ( make up of the cells and tissues of the body)
3
Q
What’s anabolic ?
A
Small molecules are assembled into large one.
4
Q
What’s catabolic ?
A
Large molecules are broken down into small ones.
5
Q
What’s mechanical work
A
Movement required muscle contraction
6
Q
What’s transport work?
A
The active transport of substances around the body and required energy
7
Q
What are he 6 forms of energy?
A
Chemical Electrical Medical Electromagnetic Nuclear thermal
8
Q
Gross efficiency = work output divided by what?
A
Gross efficiency = work output / total EE x 100
9
Q
How efficient is exercising on a bike?
A
20%
10
Q
What are the units of measurement for mass
A
Kg
11
Q
What are the units of measurement for energy
A
Joule
12
Q
What are the units of measurement for force
A
Newton’s
13
Q
What are the units of measurement for power
A
Watts
14
Q
What are the units of measurement for volume
A
Litres
15
Q
How much energy do fat , carbs and protein provide
A
Fat = 9.1
Carbs =3.7
Protein = 4
16
Q
What is 1 kcal in KJ
A
4.186 KJ
17
Q
What is a MET and how many kcal is it ?
A
A MET is a unit measured to estimate metabolite cost of physical activity.
1 MET = 3.5 kcal
18
Q
What is a bomb calorimeter
A
It’s a direct form of calorimetry
19
Q
What does a low RER mean )
A
0% carbohydrate
100% fat
20
Q
What limitations can happen during indirect calorimetry
A
No protein on RER
when RER are at 1.0 hydrogen irons accumulate in the body ( makes haemoglobing carry more co2 and less O2)
21
Q
What are the reasons why RER would be above 1
A
- high intensity exercise
- glycolysis 100% carbs , accumulates hydrogen in the blood
- buffering of hydrogen and bicarbonate increasing co2
22
Q
What’s 1 watt in joules.second
A
1joule.second
23
Q
Why a is hyperventilation
A
Over breathing
24
Q
Hyperventilation affects RER how?
A
Results in higher RER
25
Explain the role of bicarbonate in causing a high RER
A RER of 1 increased the buffereing of hydrogen in he muscle by bicarbonate. Producing more co2. Which means Hb Carries a more co2 to the lunges than oxygen. Resulting More co2 expired
26
What are the three main physiological factors explaining endurance performance?
1. High vo2 max
2. Sustaining a high vo2 max without fatigue
3. Exercise economy - vo2 required at a given absolute exercise intensity
27
Define maximal oxygen uptake (BASESdefintion)
Maximum volume of oxygen consumed by the body each minute during large muscle group exercise at sea level.
28
Explain the relationship of vo2 vs exercise intensity ( oxygen uptake change during incremental exercise)
Linear relationship then plateau
29
How lon will it take you to reach vo2 max at maximal speed?
4-10minutes
30
What are the norm values for vo2 max in males?
36-44 ml.kg.min-1
31
What are the norm values for vo2 max in females?
32-28 ml.kg.min-1
32
What are the norm values for vo2 max in world class long distance runners?
85ml . Kg . Min -1
33
Explain the Fick equation
Vo2 = Q x A - vO2 difference
Cardiac ouput = stroke volume x HR
Cardiac ouput x the oxygen going in to the muscle and coming out
34
4 determinants of oxygen delivered to the muscle
Blood flow
Cardiac output
Pulmonary diffusion
Haemoglobin capacity
35
Three determinants of oxygen extraction
Mitochondria size and dentistry
Rate oxidative enzymes
Capillary density
36
What are central factors of O2 delivery?
Cardiac ouput
Haemoglobin capacity
Muscle blood flow
Pulmonary diffusion capacity
CHAMP without the A
37
What are the peripheral factors of O2 utilisation
Mitochondrial size and density
Capillary density
Rate-limiting oxidative enzymes
Glycolysis - PFK + LDH
38
What two categorised described in the Fick equation are thought to limit O2 uptake
Central factor of O2 delivery
| peripheral factors of O2 utilisation
39
What is the most important limiting factor of O2 delivery to the muscles?
Stroke volume
40
What are the 3 pre requirement for ATP resynthesis for oxidative phosphorylation?
1. Availability of reducing agents for transport of hydrogen into electro transport
2. Presence of O2 in the electro transport chain
3. Concentration of enzyme and mitochondria to ensure reaction occurs
41
What's the system of expiration
Pulmonary ventilation
Pulmonary diffusion
Transport of O2 and co2
Capillary diffusion
42
What is the min ventilation (ve) equation?
Ve = respiratory frequency (rf) x tidal volume (TV)
43
What is pulmonary ventilation per min
Minute ventilation (ve)
44
What is the plural membrane
A membrane sounding the lungs
45
What does plural membrane do?
Stops the lungs collapsing
| Lubricates to reduce friction
46
What is pneumothorax
Air in cavity between lungs and chest causing a collapsed lung
47
what causes reduction of lubrication causing pain when breathing
Pleurisy
48
What happens in inspiration
Diaphragm contracts moves down
Thorax volume up to more then atmosphere
Air rushes into lungs
49
What's happens in expiration
Ribs and sternum move down
| Diagram relaxes and moves up
50
What is the pressure of pO2 and pco2 at the lungs
Po2 100
| Pco2 40
51
What is the pressure of po2 and pco2 at the muscle
Po2 40
| Pco2 46
52
What is the pressure of po2 and pco2 at the alveoli
Po2 105
| Pco2 40
53
Partial pressure =
Concentration % x total pressure
54
What are the 3 main way co2 travels in the blood
Dissolved in blood
As carbaminohymoglobin
Joint with h2o and broken into h+ and hco3-, h+ travels on haemoglobin
55
What % of co2 travels in the blood
7-10
56
What % of O2 travels In the blood
2
57
What may cause barrel chest appearance
Emphysema- lungs chronically inflate with air
58
How does ventilatory threshold change from rest to high intensity exercise?
VE = Rf x TV
The combination of tidal volume plateu at 50% of vital capacity as well respiratory frequency increasing creates ventilatory threshold
59
What are the border zones of hypertension
A blood pressure of 140/90 the value is only valid at rest
60
Why would an increase in heart rate cause an increase in blood pressure
Blood pressure = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
In relation to increased cardiac output during exercise vasodilation occurs to widen the blood vessels , allowing more blood to transport round the body
61
How does resistance training cause increased blood pressure
total peripheral resistance increase
Cardiac output increase though hypertrophic around left ventricle
Muscle mass increases vasoconstriction that increase tpr
62
What's the problems with trying to measure blood pressure?
```
White coat affect
Cuff size in obese patients
Heating problems
Location brachial artery
Determining the nearest whole number
```
63
What's the white coat affect
The subject having anxiety/ anxious within the session showing hydrate sit in BP
64
How does the body position effect blood pressure?
Gravity pulls down in your legs that decreases blood pressure causing hypotension ( fainting)
65
What are the dangers of hypotension
Blood pooling
Poor redistribution of blood to vital organ
Poor venous return
Fainting
66
Why would beta blockers help control blood pressure
They reduce heart rate and blood pressure
67
What is the normal time interval between beats on an ecg trace
A resting hr of below 60bpm is bradycardia
A rate of above 100bpm is called tachycardia
68
How long does it take for a normal Ecg reading from P-R
0.12-0.205 second
69
How long does it take for a normal Ecg reading from QRS
0.06-0.105 seconds
70
How long does it take for a normal Eco reading from Q-T
0.44 seconds
71
How is oxygen transported in the blood
Dissolved in solution 2% O2
Bound to haemoglobin 98%
Haemoglobin is a iron globular protein , increases the carrying capacity of the blood by 65-70 times
72
Different stages of blood in ph regulation during an exercise above lactate threshold
1 defence at muscle
2 defence at blood
3 defence at carotid bodies which send info to brain
73
Electrical stimulation pathways of cardiac muscle
Sino atrial node
Atrial ventricular node
Bundle of his
Pukje fives
74
What is a sarcomere
The smallest functional unit of the myofibril.
75
What are two sub categories of the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic
| Autonomic
76
What is the reflex arc
Muscle function that bypasses the brain
Eg. Touching something hot and pulling away autonomously
77
What is a motor unit
Made up of lots of muscle fibres
78
What are the different histochrmicsl structural properties of a slow twitch fibre
```
High myoglobin
High mitochondria
Low glycogen reserves
Small pcr stores
High triglycerides
High oxidative enzymes
Low glycolytic enzyme
Low myosin ATP
```
79
What is the all of none law
There is a complete response or no response, independent of strength of stimulus
