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Sem 1 Year 2 Flashcards

(28 cards)

1
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved in octogenarian (2%)/ bound to haemoglobing (98%) which is found in our red blood cells.

Haemoglobin (Hb) is an iron containing globular protein that increases the carrying capacity of the blood by 65-70 times.

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2
Q

What’s the 1st stage involved in blood Ph regulation during exercise performed above the lactate threshold?

A

Decrease in muscle and blood pH overtime

First line of defence = muscle intracellular proteins (60%)
muscle bicarbonate 20 to 30%
muscle phosphate 10 to 20%
But muscle buffering is limited

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3
Q

Define mechanical work

A

Movement that required muscle contraction

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4
Q

Define chemical work

A

Anatolian and catabolism that require energy

For example, make up the cells and tissues of the body

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5
Q

Define transport work

A

The active transport of substance around the body that requires energy

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6
Q

What’s the 6 forms of energy

A
Chemical 
Electrical
Electromagnetic
Thermal
Mechanical
Nuclear
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7
Q

What’s substrate in the body would provide the highest quantity of energy?

A

Fat

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8
Q

What’s the SI unit for energy?

A

Joules (J)

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9
Q

Work = force x?

A

Work = force x distance

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10
Q

Power =?/time

A

Power = work/ time

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11
Q

Calculate work come for this exercise?

Power output = 200W / 10minutes

A

Total work done = 200 x 10 x 60 = 120,000 J = 120 kJ

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12
Q

Work =?

A

Work = force x Distance

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13
Q

List the intrinsic electrical stimulation pathway of the cardiac muscle?

A

Sino atrial node
Atrioventricular node
AV bundle
Purkinje fibres

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14
Q

Define ejection fraction

A

The fraction of blood ejected by the ventricle relative to its end-diastolic volume

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15
Q

How do you calculate ejection fraction

A

EF = stroke volume / end diastolic volume

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16
Q

Comment on the ejection fraction of a 25yr old male who has stroke volume of 47ml/but and end-systolic volume of 23ml?

A

Ejection fraction = 67%

Normal value for their age

17
Q

What is a normal EF value?

18
Q

What’s a normal EF value for someone with heart failure?

19
Q

How to work out total energy expenditure?

A

Vco2 / vo2 = caloric equivalent
Vo2 x caloric equivalent = rate of EE

TOTAL EE= rate of EE x time

20
Q

What are three main physiological factors explaining endurance performance?

A

Maximal oxygen uptake

Endurance or the ability of maintaining a high percent of vo2 max for a long time. Assessing endurance by lactate of ventilators threshold

vo2 required at a given absolute exercise intensity

21
Q

Define maximal oxygen uptake (BASES Definition)

A

Maximal volume of oxygen consumed by the body each minute during the large muscle group at sea level

22
Q

What are normative values for vo2 max of healthy males

A

36-44mL. Kg-1.min-1

23
Q

What are normative values for vo2 max of healthy females

A

32/38mL.kg-1.min-1

24
Q

What are normative values for vo2 max of world class long distance runners

A

85mL.kg-1.min-1

25
What is the Fick equation
VO2 = Q x A- Vo2 difference
26
Explain the Fick equation
With vo2 as the oxygen uptake measured at the mouth level ; Q as the cardiac output (L.min-1) , equals stroke volume millipede by heart rate and a vo2 difference as the difference between the arterial and venous content of oxygen
27
What's 4 determinants of oxygen delivery to muscle
Cardiac output of volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart in 1 minute Muscle blood flow going through the muscles in 1 minute O2 carrying capacity of blood Pulmonary diffusing capacity
28
What's 3 determinants of oxygen extraction at the muscular level
Mitochondria size and density Rate - limiting oxidative enzymes Capillary Density