06

Question 1

What is empirical testing?

Answer 1

According to a hypothesis, a specific empirical event will occur under certain conditions

Question 2

What is understood in Antecedent conditions?

Answer 2

A factor/event/situation that occurs prior/leads to a particular outcome or phenomenon.

Question 3

What does prognosis and retrognis mean?

Answer 3

in the future (pro); in the past (retro)

Question 4

What is statistical prediction?

Answer 4

Prediction derived from data

Question 5

Quantified observations are aggregated and ________ evaluated according to pregiven procedures, thereby creating a _____?

Answer 5

mechanically; model

Question 6

What are Stochastics?

Answer 6

The mathematical concept of randomness

Question 7

What makes a sequence random?

Answer 7

if the frequency of any part of a sequence is identical to the partial frequency in the entire sequence

Question 8

What are Combinatorics?

Answer 8

application of mathematical principles (counting, arranging, combining) to analyze complex social phenomena, creating an event space (ES= all possible outcomes)

Question 9

What is inference in Social Research?

Answer 9

Refers to the process of drawing conclusions or making judgments about a population or situation based on limited data or observations

Question 10

What are two different schools of statistical inference?

Answer 10

Frequency inference
Bayesian inference
bonus: likelihood-based inference, Minimum description length

Question 11

What is the Frequentist inference?

Answer 11

Null hypothesis significance testing
Assumption of repeated sampling to estimate the plausibility of a given distribution

Question 12

What does Gai (2016) suggest about fragmentation and unity in psychology?

Answer 12

Psychology is fragmented, and unity should arise from open competition among theories, with the focus on truth over unity. Reliable research and methods may lead to unification as a byproduct, not a direct goal

Question 13

Paradigms life cycle?

Answer 13

Growth
Stagnation
Collapse

Question 14

3 opposing schools of thought

Answer 14

Cognitivism vs. Behaviourism
Holistic psychology vs. Elementatism
Functionalism vs. Structuralism

Question 15

Why are the history of psychology and the philosophy of science important to theoretical psychology (Fahrenberg, 2015)?

Answer 15

They help understand controversies in psychology by exploring epistemology, theory formation, and validity criteria.
Historical analysis highlights how psychology evolves through methodological awareness, institutionalization, and professionalization.