08 Motor Systems Flashcards
1
Q
How many muscles are there in the human body?
A
more than 600
2
Q
How can muscles be categorized?
A
- posture vs- manipulation muscles
- under voluntary control: skeletal muscles
- not under voluntary control: cardiac muscles, smooth muscles (e.g. peristatic)
3
Q
What is the difference between tendons (“Sehnen”) and ligaments (“Bänder”)?
A
- tendons bind muscle to bone
- ligaments bind bone to bone
4
Q
What’s the primary motor pathway?
A
- corticospinal/pyramidal tract
- upper motor neurons send axons to spinal chord
- lower motor neurons lead into muscles
5
Q
What is a motor unit?
A
- all muscle fibers innervated by a single lower motor neuron
- every muscle fiber is only innervated by one motor neuron
6
Q
dorsal vs. ventral spinal cord
A
- dorsal = sensory
- ventral = motor
7
Q
monosynaptic reflex
A
- lower motor neuron directly connects to sensory neuron in spinal chord
- no cortical involvement
- e.g. patellar reflex
8
Q
polysynaptic reflex
A
- complex cordination between sensory and motor neurons by interneurons at the level of the spinal chord
- e.g. pain in one leg leads to stabilization by the other leg
9
Q
Which areas are responsible for motor control?
A
- M1: movement primitives
- PMC & SMA: movement sequences
- S1: somatosensory feedback
- Posterior parietal Cortex: sensory-motor integration
- basal ganglia: action initiation
- cerebellum: motor learning / fine-tuning / coordination (ipsilateral)
