Quiz Flashcards by Tobias Richter

Cognitive Neuroscience (primarily) bridges between:
- Neuroscience and philosophy
- Neuroscience and genetics
- Neuroscience and psychology
- Neuroscience and sociology

Neuroscience and psychology

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Cognitive Neuroscience focuses predominantly on clinical populations.
- True
- False

False

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Cognitive Neuroscience aims to understand neural realization of cognitive function at the level of:
- Single neurons
- Large-scale networks
- Computational Principles
- Gene expression

Large-scale networks

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The two substances described in Cartesian ontology are:
- Res extensa and res nullius
- Res cogitans and res publica
- Res publica and res nullius
- Res extensa and res cogitans

Res extensa and res cogitans

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Descartes’ res extensa denotes the mental substance and the thinking “soul”.
- True
- False

False

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According to Descartes, the seat of the soul (and consciousness) is in:
- The ventricles
- The pineal gland
- The claustrum
- The heart

The pineal gland

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Equipotentiality is another term for phrenology:
- True
- False

False

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According to holism, cerebral cortex functions as:
- Functionally divided modules
- Intertwined functional networks
- A set of specialized mental faculties
- An indivisible whole

An indivisible whole

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The father of Phrenology is:
- Paul Broca
- Wilder Penfield
- Franz Joseph Gall
- John-Dylan Haynes

Franz Joseph Gall

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Patients with Broca’s aphasia have:
- Intact speech production and compromised speech perception
- Intact speech production and intact speech perception
- Compromised speech production and intact speech perception
- Compromised speech production and compromised speech perception

Compromised speech production and intact speech perception

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Representations of body parts are differently sized in the motor and sensory homunculus.
- True
- False

True

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Invasive recordings are always more scientifically interesting than non-invasive neuroimaging.
- True
- False

False

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Contemporary cognitive neuroscience conceptualizes structure-function mapping as:
- Strictly sparse
- Non-sparse
- Equipotential
- Irrelevant

Non-sparse

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Evidence of double dissociation is a final proof of independence of certain cognitive functions and their substrate.
- True
- False

False

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Which of the following is a distal sense?
- Touch
- Proprioception
- Taste
- Hearing

Hearing

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When the ciliary muscles of the eye are relaxed, the lens is accommodated to view objects in the distance.
- True
- False

True

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A translucent part of the eye that gets hit by light first and where most of the light refracts is called the
- Lens
- Retina
- Cornea
- Pupil

Cornea

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The retina is the part of the eye where
- Light gets refracted
- Light gets transformed into neural activity
- Focusing onto closer or far away objects happens
- Output travels into the visual cortex

Light gets transformed into neural activity

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Photoreceptors in the human retina are located at the front of the retina – where the light first hits the retina.
- True
- False

False

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Lateral processing in the retina is performed by:
- Ganglion and amacrine cells
- Amacrine and horizontal cells
- Ganglion and horizontal cells
- Horizontal cells only

Amacrine and horizontal cells

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The blind spot is a consequence of an inverted retina:
- True
- False

True

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Which out of the following fire action potentials?
- Amacrine cells
- Photoreceptors
- Horizontal cells
- Ganglion cells

ganglion cells

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The optic nerve leads from ganglion cells of the retina into
- The thalamus
- V1
- The hippocampus
- Superior colliculus

the thalamus (LGN is part of the thalamus)

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How many types of photoreceptors exist in a healthy human retina?
- 1 type
- 2 types
- 3 types
- 4 types

4 types

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One cone photoreceptor always feeds into one ganglion cell. - True - False

False this in only true for foveal cones

Receptive fields in the LGN have an excitatory and inhibitory region, therefore coding for contrast. - True - False

True

An on-center ganglion cell will respond the strongest if we shine light - Only on its periphery - Only on its center - On its center and periphery - On the half of its center and half of its periphery

Only on its center

After the optic chiasm, the left optic tract contains information from both left and right visual hemifield. - True - False

False

Which types of cells we do not find in V1? - Simple cells - End-stopped cells - Complex cells - Icecube cells

Icecube cells

Complex cells can respond to a line of their preferred orientation anywhere in their receptive field. - True - False

False

Cells in V1 that preferentially fire for a certain line orientation are grouped into: - Ocular dominance columns - Orientation columns - Icecube model - Blobs

Orientation columns

Lower-level visual areas are located in and around the - LGN - Calcarine sulcus - Inferior temporal cortex - Intraparietal sulcus

Calcarine sulcus

In V1, the visual field is represented with both vertical (left to right) and horizontal (upper to lower) inversion. - True - False

True

Visual scene information in V2 and V3 is separated into quarter-fields. - True - False

True

Visual information does not necessarily need to travel through the … to get to V1. - LGN - Optic nerve - Optic chiasm - Superior colliculus

Superior colliculus

Area V5 is believed to process colour. - True - False

False (V5/MT processes motion, V4 processes colour)

Which are the two main visual processing pathways? - Ventral and medial - Ventral and dorsal - Dorsal and medial - Lateral and medial

Ventral (= what, object identity) and dorsal (= where, spatial location)

Receptive fields of neurons in medial temporal lobe (MTL) of left hemisphere capture which part of the visual field? - Only left hemifield - Only right hemifield - Most of the visual field - None of the above

Most of the visual field

The image below shows: - A computer chip - A schematic of monkey visual system - Weird contemporary art - Random letters and lines

A schematic of monkey visual system

Top-down attention is guided by endogenous cues. - True - False

True

What is exogenous (bottom-up) visual attention? - Attention to the objects in the environment - Attention to internal states - The capture of attention by salient features - External guidance of attention by symbolic cues

The capture of attention by salient features

During visual covert attention, gaze and attention are coupled. - True - False

False

Top-down attention is neurally regulated by - Frontoparietal network - Subcortical network - Ventromedial network - Occipital network

Frontoparietal (= dorsal) network ventral network = bottom-up

In Posner’s cueing task, reactions are the slowest (reaction time longest) in: - Valid trials - Invalid trials - Neutral trials - No cue trials

Invalid Trials

Broadbent’s filter model is a late selection model. - True - False

False

In early selection models of attention, stimulus is selected for further processing - Before perceptual analysis of the stimulus is complete - At higher stages of processing - After semantic analysis - At the level of sensory input

Before perceptual analysis of the stimulus is complete

A characteristic of serial visual search is that - It is performed in parallel - It is preattentive - It requires attention - Doesn’t get slower with increasing set size

It requires attention

Serial visual search relies on the pop-out effect. - True - False

False

Which of the following is NOT true for working memory? - Allows active transformation of its contents - Its capacity is limited - It is very fragile to interference - Its time-course is several seconds to minutes

It is very fragile to interference

Transient visual afterimages are an example of - Iconic memory - Echoic memory - Short-term memory - Working memory

Iconic memory

Short-term memory is a limited-capacity store for the maintenance and manipulation of information - TRUE - FALSE

False

Sensory memory can be prolonged by active rehearsal - TRUE - FALSE

False

Which of the following is characteristic of sensory memory? - High capacity - Low capacity - It requires attention - Its capacity can be improved by training

High capacity

What is the main issue with oculomotor delayed-response task? - It conflates short-term memory with motor preparation - It conflates short-term memory with visuo-spatial processing - It conflates short-term memory with attention - It doesn’t exclude iconic memory because the time delay is too short

It conflates short-term memory with motor preparation

Slot models of working memory encode contents in an all-or-nothing fashion - TRUE - FALSE

True

Contents of episodic memory are stored in the hippocampus even after memory consolidation - True - False

False

What of the following was observed in patient H.M.? - He did not have any anterograde amnesia - He could not form procedural memories - His working memory was functioning - He had below-average IQ

His working memory was functioning

Contents of working memory are believed to be stored - In a distributed manner in the neocortex - In the prefrontal cortex only - In sensory areas only - In parietal areas only

In a distributed manner in the neocortex

In Sperling’s iconic memory test, theoretical availability of recall is lower than whole-report accuracy - TRUE - FALSE

False

Which of the following is an example of non-declarative memory? - Episodic memory - Working memory - Semantic memory - Procedural memory

Procedural memory

Perceptual priming is an example of declarative memory - True - False

False

Declarative memory (in contrast to non-declarative memory) is hippocampus-dependent - True - False

True

Memory traces in the long-term memory storage cannot decay - True - False

False

Memory is consolidated into long-term storage through the process of: - long-term potentiation - short-term potentiation - neurogenesis - network restructuring

long-term potentiation

Patients with hippocampal lesions will remember more recent events better than the very distant (old) ones. - True - False

False

Procedural memory is largely dependent on: - basal ganglia - hippocampus - neocortex - reflex pathways

basal ganglia

A stimulus whose removal encourages (reinforces) certain behaviour is called - positive reinforcer - negative reinforcer - positive punishment - negative punishment

negative reinforcer

Dopamine is produced in - ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra - ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens - nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra - nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex

ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra

Mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways originate in substantia nigra - True - False

False (in VTA) substantia nigra = nigrostriatal pathway

Medial orbitofrontal cortex shows increasing activity with increasing reward - True - False

True (lateral OFC decreasing activity)

Which of the following is not true about orbitofrontal cortex? - It is a point of multimodal convergence - It is a projection zone of dopaminergic neurons - It represents value of reward - It synthesizes dopamine

It synthesizes dopamine

In reward prediction error approach, dopaminergic neurons do not burst at - Predicted reward - Unpredicted reward - Conditioned stimulus followed by reward - Conditioned stimulus not followed by reward

Predicted reward

Temporal discounting is a preference to select small but immediate reward over a larger but delayed one. - True - False

True

Which of the following is a correct definition of PFC? - The part of frontal cortex that doesn’t elicit movement when stimulated - The part of the frontal cortex that develops last - The projection zone of lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus - The associative part of frontal cortex

The part of frontal cortex that doesn’t elicit movement when stimulated

Which structure is relevant for error detection and resolution of conflicts? - Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) - Lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) - Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) - Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Dopamine mediates only the “liking” component of reward. - True - False

False

Premotor cortex (BA 6) is part of the prefrontal cortex. - True - False

False

The relative size of PFC is highest in humans compared to all other animals. - True - False

False

Which of the following is not a consequence of PFC lesions? - Perseveration errors - Deficiency in foresight and planning - Deterioration of IQ - Loss of spontaneity

Deterioration of IQ

Which of the following is a neuropsychological test for perseveration? - Wisconsin card-sorting task - Tower of London task - Stroop task - The Flanker task

Wisconsin card-sorting task

In Stroop task, people are fast at reading the words, but slow at naming colors. - True - False

True

Signal detection theory: What possible events can occur when a stimulus is present? - Hit or correct rejection - Hit or miss - False alarm or correct rejection - False alarm or miss

Hit or miss

The stronger the signal, the more overlap there will be between noise and signal distributions. - True - False

False

A more conservative threshold will minimize false alarms. - True - False

True

More liberal threshold will minimize misses. - True - False

True

By shifting the criterion, we can affect both the number and the type of misclassifications. - True - False

False (just the type of misclassifications, number is dependent on d-prime)

The shape of the ROC curve is determined by - The size of d’ (discriminability) - The decision criterion - The area under the curve (AUC) - The sample size

The size of d’ (discriminability)

In the random dot kinematogram paradigm, strength of evidence is manipulated by varying: - Motion coherence - Number of dots - Speed of movement - Direction of motion

Motion coherence

In accumulation-to-threshold models, strong evidence results in slower RTs - True - False

False

In accumulation models response strategies (speed vs. accuracy) are modeled by manipulating: - Decision threshold - Starting point - Drift rate - None of the above

Decision threshold

Which of the following is least likely to vary the firing rate of an MT cell? - Coherence of motion - Location of motion in the visual field - Direction of motion - Duration of the stimulus presentation

Duration of the stimulus presentation

Activity of LIP neurons is best explained by momentary evidence of observed motion in a preferred direction. - True - False

False

What is not true about the global neural workspace theory? - The theory proposes that consciousness arises from the activity of a distributed network of brain regions. - The theory suggests that the global neural workspace serves as a temporary store of information that can be accessed by many regions of the brain. - The theory states that conscious awareness requires the activation of specific brain regions. - The theory claims that conscious experience arises from the coordination of brain regions through the global neural workspace.

The theory states that conscious awareness requires the activation of specific brain regions.

What is true about the global workspace theory? - The theory suggests that consciousness is a product of bottom-up processing in the brain. - The theory proposes that conscious awareness arises from the competition between different brain regions. - The theory states that the global neural workspace is a static and permanent store of information. - The theory claims that the global neural workspace serves as a temporary and dynamic platform for the integration of information across brain regions.

The theory claims that the global neural workspace serves as a temporary and dynamic platform for the integration of information across brain regions.

Quiz Flashcards

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