1 Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
- the study of the biological functions of organs and their inter-relationships.
- studies interplay of factors that affect growth (connectedness of each aspect of the body)
A
Physiology
2
Q
Physiology is an ________
A
Integrating Science
3
Q
brings together everything known about an animal’s function to create an integral picture of how an animal operates in its environment.
A
integrative science
4
Q
Physiological differences between Plants and Animals
1.)
Plants
Animals
A
Plants - Mostly producers
Animals - consumers
5
Q
Physiological differences between Plants and Animals
2.)
Plants
Animals
A
Plants - Unlimited scheme of growth
Animals - Limited
6
Q
Physiological differences between Plants and Animals
3.)
Plants
Animals
A
Plants - Non-motile and must rely on immediate nutrient sources.
Animals - Can move around
7
Q
Physiological differences between Plants and Animals
4.)
Plants
Animals
A
Plants - Use large amounts of O2
Animals - Give off CO2
8
Q
Physiological differences between Plants and Animals
5.)
Plants
Animals
A
Plants - Conserve nitrogen
Animals - Gives off nitrogen as waste
9
Q
Physiological differences between Plants and Animals
6.)
Plants
Animals
A
Plants - Transports fluids/food through vascular tissues
Animals - Bloodstream
10
Q
Physiological differences between Plants and Animals
7.)
Plants
Animals
A
Plants - Grow throughout their entire lifetime.
Animals - Reaches a certain stage and growth more or less stops.
11
Q
Physiologist __________ the structure and function of the various parts of animals and plants; how these parts work together to allow organisms to perform their normal behaviours and respond to their environment.
A
study
12
Q
Physiologist __________ learn about the control and regulation of processes within groups of cells and how the combined activities of these cell groups affect the function of the animal.
A
design experiments
13
Q
hallmark of physiology
A
Diversity
14
Q
Meeting the ________ has resulted in numerous evolutionary variations on the basic theme of life.
A
demands of survival
15
Q
Unifying themes of physiological processes
obey ___________
A
physical and chemicals laws
16
Q
Unifying themes of physiological processes
regulated to maintain ________ and trigger an ___________
A
internal conditions,
appropriate response
17
Q
Unifying themes of physiological processes
physiological state of an animal is part of its ___________, which arises as the product of the genetic make-up, or ___________, and its interaction with the environment.
A
phenotype
genotype
18
Q
What are the Subdisciplines of Physiology?
A
1) Comparative Physiology
2) Environmental Physiology
3) Evolutionary Physiology
4) Dvelopmental Physiology
5) Cell Physiology
19
Q
species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns.
A
Comparative Physiology
20
Q
examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)
A
Environmental Physiology
21
Q
techniques of evolutionary biology and systematics are used to understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers
A
Evolutionary Physiology
22
Q
how physiological processes unfold during the course of organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to
adulthood
A
Developmental Physiology
23
Q
vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and organ systems
A
Cell Physiology
24
Q
What are the Central Themes in Physiology?
A
- Structure/Function Relationships
- Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation
- Homeostasis
- Feedback – Control Systems
- Conformity and Regulation
25
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**1. Structure/Function Relationships**
Function is based on _______
structure
26
**Central Themes in Physiology**
Form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organisms.
Structure/Function Relationships
* Function is based on structure
27
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**1. Structure/Function Relationships**
Knowledge of a structure provides insight into _________
what it does and how its works
28
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**1. Structure/Function Relationships**
Conversely, knowing the function of a structure provides insight about its __________.
construction
29
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**1. Structure/Function Relationships**
This structure-function relationship is clear in the __________ in the shape of bird wing.
aerodynamic efficiency
30
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**1. Structure/Function Relationships**
A honeycombed internal structure produces light but __________.
strong bones
31
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**1. Structure/Function Relationships**
The __________ are controlled by neurons that transmit signals
between the wings and brain.
flight muscles
32
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**1. Structure/Function Relationships**
__________ provide the energy to power flight.
Ample mitochondria
33
Biological function at each level of organization *(greater to least)*
Organism level
Organ system level
Organ and Tissue levels
Cellular level
Macromolecular level
Molecular level
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
Atoms
34
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**1. Structure/Function Relationships**
Four-chambered stomach with large rumen; long small and large intestine
Ruminant Herbivore
35
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**1. Structure/Function Relationships**
Short intestime and colon, small cecum
Carnivore
36
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation**
Physiology of an organism is very well matched to the environment it occupies, thereby ensuring its ________.
survival
37
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation**
*Adaptation*
evolution through _____ leading to an organism whose physiology, anatomy, and behavior are matched to the demands of its environment
natural selection
38
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation**
*Adaptation*
generally _________
irreversible
39
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation**
*Adaptation*
a physiological process is __________
adaptive
40
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation**
*Adaptation*
present at high frequency in the population because it results in a higher probability of survival and reproduction than alternative processes.
adaptive
41
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation**
*Adaptation*
genetically based, passed on from generation to generation (DNA) and constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection.
physiological and anatomic adaptations
42
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation**
* a physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occurring environmental condition
* animal in migrate to high altitude
Acclimatization
43
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation**
* refers to the same process as acclimatization when the changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or in the wild by an investigator
* animal placed in hypobaric chamber
Acclimation
44
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation**
Acclimatization, and Acclimation both are ______
reversible
45
**Central Themes in Physiology**
The tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain relative internal stability.
Homeostasis
46
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
◦ French pioneer of modern physiology
◦ The milieu interieur
◦ “Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life”
◦ the ability of animals to survive in often stressful and varying environments directly reflects their ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Claude Bernard (1872)
47
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
o extended notion of internal consistency to the organization and function of cells, tissues and organs.
o “Homeostasis” – tendency towards internal stability (1929-Nobel Price)
o The evolution of homeostasis and the physiological systems that maintain it were essential factors in allowing animals to venture from relatively “physiologically friendly” environments and invade habitats more hostile to life processes.
Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)
48
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
Homeostasis - definitions
o Dynamic equilibrium
o Inspite of multiple stimuli
o Maintained by negative feedback
49
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
Homeostasis is the ability to __________ in an ever-changing outside world.
maintain a relatively stable internal environment
50
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
The internal environment of the body is in a ___________.
dynamic state of equilibrium
51
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
___________ factors interact to maintain homeostasis.
Chemical, thermal, and neural
52
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
The ability of the body to maintain ____________ even though there is continuous change in the outside world.
relatively stable internal conditions
53
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
▪ The body functions within relatively ________
▪ All body systems contribute to its ________
narrow limits, maintenance
54
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
1. Stimulus: Produces change in variable
2. Change detected by receptor
3. Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to
4. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to
5. Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis.
55
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
Regulation of homeostasis is accomplished through the ____________
nervous and endocrine systems
56
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
**Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose**
_________ are antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis.
Insulin and glucagon
57
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
**Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose**
pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called __________ with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin.
islets of Langerhans
58
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
**Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose**
alpha cells that produces ________
glucagon
59
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
**Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose**
beta cells that produce _______
insulin
60
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
hereditary factors and obesity play a role in its development
high blood sugar levels – sugar excreted in the urine
symptoms: excessive urination and excessive thirst
if severe: fat substitutes for glucose as major fuel source → production of acidic metabolites
→ life threatening lowering of blood pH
Hypoinsulinism: diabetes mellitus
61
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
autoimmune disorder
usually appears in childhood
treatment: insulin injections
Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes)
62
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
usually due to target cells having a decreased responsiveness to insulin
usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases with age
accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases
Type II diabetes mellitus (non insulin-dependent diabetes)
63
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
**Basic components of a homeostatic control system**
A _________ detects changes (stimuli) in the body.
receptor
64
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
**Basic components of a homeostatic control system**
A __________ determines a set point for a normal range.
control center
65
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**3. Homeostasis**
**Basic components of a homeostatic control system**
An ________ causes the response determined by the control center.
effector
66
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
regulatory processes that maintain homeostasis in the cells and multicellular organisms depend on ___________.
feedback
67
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable
feedback
68
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
occurs when sensory information about a particular variable (e.g. temperature, pH, salinity) is used to control processes in the cells, tissues, and organs that influence
the internal level of that variable
feedback
69
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change.
Negative feedback
70
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
**Negative Feedback Mechanism**
A negative feedback mechanism
_______ the intensity of the
stimulus or eliminates it.
decreases
71
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
**Negative Feedback Mechanism**
The negative feedback mechanism causes the system to change in the _________ from the stimulus
– Example: home heating thermostat
opposite direction
72
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
* Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms
* In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off or somehow alleviates the original stimulus
* Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels
negative feedback
73
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
a loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus.
negative feedback
74
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
* A positive feedback mechanism enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated
* It is considered positive because it results in change occurring in the same direction as the original stimulus
* Positive feedback mechanisms usually control infrequent events such as blood clotting or childbirth
Positive feedback mechanisms
75
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
Positive feedback usually _____________. It is characterized by being short in duration, and infrequent.
does not maintain homeostasis
76
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
Positive feedback mechanisms
* Break or tear in blood vessel wall
* Clotting occurs as platelets adhere to site and release chemicals
* Released chemical attract more platelets
* Clotting proceeds until break is sealed by newly formed clot
77
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
* In positive feedback systems, the output _________ the original stimulus
* Example: Regulation of blood clotting
enhances or exaggerates
78
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**4. Feedback – Control Systems**
* Most diseases cause homeostatic imbalances (chills, fevers, elevated white blood counts etc)
* Aging reduces our ability to maintain homeostasis – heat stress
* If a disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium is not corrected, illness occurs.
* Feedback mechanisms may be overwhelmed or may be not functioning correctly (diabetes mellitus, clotting disorders)
Homeostatic Imbalances
79
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**5. Conformity and Regulation**
when an organism is confronted with changes in its environment (e.g. changes in oxygen availability or salinity), it can respond in one or two ways: conformity or regulation
Conformity and Regulation
80
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**5. Conformity and Regulation**
when an organism is confronted with changes in its environment (e.g. changes in oxygen availability or salinity), it can respond in one or two ways: _______________
conformity or regulation
81
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**5. Conformity and Regulation**
environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions (unable to maintain homeostasis)
conformers
82
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**5. Conformity and Regulation**
Examples of osmoconformers
shark, starfish
83
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**5. Conformity and Regulation**
Examples of Oxyconformers
annelid worms
84
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**5. Conformity and Regulation**
biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes (maintain homeostasis)
regulators
85
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**5. Conformity and Regulation**
maintain ion concentrations of body fluids above environmental levels when placed in dilute water vice versa
Osmoregulators
86
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**5. Conformity and Regulation**
is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment
Osmoregulation
87
**Central Themes in Physiology**
**5. Conformity and Regulation**
Some aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state. This adaptation is
called __________
anhydrobiosis
