Lab exam exercise 2

Question 1

What is the title of exercise 2?

Answer 1

EXERCISE AND HOMEOSTASIS

Question 2

The human body maintains a relatively stable internal environment or _____________.

Answer 2

homeostasis

Question 3

Within this narrow range of homeostatic conditions, the __________ of the body can function properly and efficiently.

Answer 3

cells and organs

Question 4

When homeostasis is disrupted, an interplay of _____________ reverts internal conditions to normal ranges.

Answer 4

negative and positive feedback mechanisms

Question 5

When the __________ is overwhelmed, homeostatic imbalance occurs, resulting in the onset of diseases.

Answer 5

feedback loop

Question 6

Materials of exercise 2

Answer 6

Stopwatch

Question 7

Procedure 1

Choose two volunteers (__________) to exercise (see assigned exercise per group below) at a pace that can be maintained for ___________. Make sure the volunteers are _________ for a few minutes before the experiment begins.

Answer 7

one male, one female
eight minutes
inactive

Question 8

Procedure 1

assigned exercise per group below

Group 1, 4, 7 - _________
Group 2, 5, 8 - _________
Group 3, 6 - ___________

Answer 8

Group 1, 4, 7 - Jumping jack
Group 2, 5, 8 - High knees
Group 3, 6 - Jog in place

Question 9

Procedure 2

Record the ________________ of the volunteers before doing the exercise. This is resting state (t = 0).

Answer 9

pulse rate, breathing rate, and perspiration level

Question 10

Procedure 2

Record the pulse rate, breathing rate, and perspiration level of the volunteers before doing the exercise. This is __________.

Answer 10

resting state (t = 0)

Question 11

Procedure 2

How to determine the pulse rate?

Answer 11

count the number of beats in 15 seconds and multiply it by four to obtain the beats per minute.

Question 12

Procedure 2

How to determine the breathing rate?

Answer 12

count the number of breaths in 15 seconds and multiply it by four to obtain the breaths per minute.

Question 13

Procedure 2

Rate the perspiration level from 0 to 3 as follows:

Answer 13

0 = no droplets on the face
1 = a few droplets on the face
2 = many droplets on the face
3 = droplets dripping down the face

Question 14

Procedure 3

Have the volunteers exercise for _________. After two minutes, record the _____________ as fast as possible so that the volunteers can resume exercise. Do not have volunteers wait while you do the calculations.

Answer 14

two minutes
pulse rate, breathing rate, and perspiration level

Question 15

Procedure 4

Repeat step 3 _________ (remember, two minutes each at a time, totaling to eight minutes). Record the pulse rate, breathing rate, and perspiration level at each point.

Answer 15

three more times

Question 16

Procedure 5

After the last set of exercise, let the volunteers rest for ________, then measure all of the variables again. Record this data under the “9 minutes” row.

Answer 16

one minute

Question 17

What is your average resting pulse rate? Most adults are between 60-90 beats/min. How do your values compare?

Answer 17

The average resting pulse rate for adults typically ranges from 60 to 150 beats per minute. Influenced by autonomic nervous system activity and cardiovascular fitness, it reflects the heart’s efficiency in maintaining homeostasis during a state of rest. In my case, it falls within 72 bpm, a normal range for adults. On the other hand, regular aerobic exercise and a healthy lifestyle can contribute to maintaining a pulse rate within this optimal range. Furthermore, continued monitoring and maintaining cardiovascular health are advisable to ensure it remains within this healthy range.

Question 18

Differentiate between negative and positive feedback. What kind of feedback was exemplified in this activity?

Answer 18

A positive feedback occurs when a change in the body is enhanced, while a negative feedback occurs when the body counteracts a change. The kind of feedback shown in this activity is negative feedback. During exercise, the body experiences an increase in temperature as the heart pumps more blood to supply oxygen to the muscles. This increased activity leads to greater oxygen consumption and an increased production of carbon dioxide (CO2). To regulate the increase in CO2 levels, the body increases the breathing rate, which allows for more exhalation to remove more CO2. Additionally, the rise in body temperature triggers sweating, which helps cool the body down. Responses such as regulating CO2 through increased breathing and cooling through sweating are examples of negative feedback mechanisms, where the body counteracts changes to maintain homeostasis.

Question 19

Every cell in the body requires oxygen for respiration so that sufficient energy can be produced. Carbon dioxide, a waste product in the process, is also produced and needs to be removed from the cells. Therefore, the levels of both gases must be regulated. How does this explain the changes observed in your pulse rate during the experiment?

Answer 19

During exercise, the body, particularly the muscles, increases its demand for oxygen to produce the necessary energy, which makes the pulse rate increases as a response. As the heart pumps more oxygenated blood to the muscles, the muscles simultaneously produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct, which needs to be removed efficiently. The body responds by raising both the breathing rate to supply more oxygen and the pulse rate to ensure that the carbon dioxide is efficiently carried away from the muscles. As exercise ends, pulse rate gradually decreases and does not drop to the resting rate right away, as the body is still working to remove the accumulated carbon dioxide and return oxygen levels to normal.

Question 20

How did the body respond during the resting period after each activity? Explain why the body responded this way during the resting period after each activity. (Hint: Refer to the type of feedback mechanism).

Answer 20

After each activity, it was observed that the heart rate, breathing rate, and sweating levels gradually decrease during the rest period as it can be correlated with physical extortion. These level reductions are due to the body’s attempt to restore homeostasis, or a stable internal environment. This status can be attained by halting these activities which is parallel to the body’s need for expenditure for nutrients and oxygen, leading to the pulse and breathing rates to slow down with the decrease in the number of sweat drops. These alterations were regulated by negative feedback mechanisms by identifying deviations from initial level and initiating particular procedures to counteract them, ensuring the body effectively reverts to its resting condition. (Travers et al., 2022)