3

Question 1

Regulatory Mechanisms

conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons; these signals regulate other cells

Answer 1

nervous system

Question 2

Regulatory Mechanisms

secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer acting responses including reproduction, development, energy metabolism, growth, and behavior

Answer 2

endocrine system

Question 3

Regulatory Mechanisms

Animal ________ are chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

Answer 3

hormones

Question 4

Regulatory Mechanisms

Hormones reach all parts of the body, but only _______ are equipped to respond

Answer 4

target cells

Question 5

Regulatory Mechanisms

Insect metamorphosis is regulated by _______

Answer 5

hormones

Question 6

Vertebrate Endocrine System

Two types of glands

Answer 6

Exocrine glands
Endocrine glands

Question 7

Vertebrate Endocrine System

secrete chemicals into ducts and the effect is where the duct empties; sweat glands - sweat (evaporative cooling)

Answer 7

Exocrine glands

Question 8

Vertebrate Endocrine System

secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors.

Answer 8

Endocrine glands

Question 9

Target Cell Concept

Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering __________

Answer 9

specific response pathways

Question 10

Target Cell Concept

Chemical signals bind to receptor proteins on ___________

Answer 10

target cells

Question 11

Target Cell Concept

Only target cells respond to the _________

Answer 11

signal

Question 12

Involves the hormone-secreting tissues and organs of the body

Answer 12

Endocrine system

Question 13

chemical messengers

Answer 13

Hormones

Question 14

refers to the duration of time required to decrease the concentration of a circulating hormone by half

Answer 14

Half life of a hormone

Question 15

Two factors influencing the hormone concentrations in the blood:

Answer 15

1) rate of hormone secretion into the blood.
2) rate of removal of the hormone from the blood (metabolic clearance rate)

Question 16

Clearance of hormones from the plasma include:

Answer 16

a) metabolic destruction
b) binding with the tissues
c) excretion by the liver into the bile
d) excretion by the kidneys into the urine.

Question 17

Intercellular Communication

secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells
anywhere in the body

Answer 17

Endocrine signaling

Question 18

Intercellular Communication

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells

Answer 18

Paracrine signaling

Question 19

Intercellular Communication

secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them

Answer 19

Autocrine signaling

Question 20

Intercellular Communication

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues

Answer 20

Synaptic signaling

Question 21

Intercellular Communication

neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses

Answer 21

Neuroendocrrine signaling

Question 22

Types of Secreted Signaling Molecules

Answer 22

o Local regulators
o Neurotransmitters
o Neurohormones
o Pheromones
o Hormones

Question 23

Signaling Molecules: Local Regulators

chemical signals that travel over short distances by ____________

Answer 23

diffusion

Question 24

Signaling Molecules: Local Regulators

help __________ blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction

Answer 24

regulate

Question 25

**Signaling Molecules: Local Regulators** divided into two types

Answer 25

Paracrine Autocrine

Question 26

**Signaling Molecules: Local Regulators** signals act on cells near the secreting cell

Answer 26

Paracrine

Question 27

**Signaling Molecules: Local Regulators** signals act on the secreting cell itself

Answer 27

Autocrine

Question 28

**Signaling Molecules: Local Regulators** proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation

Answer 28

Growth factors

Question 29

**Signaling Molecules: Local Regulators** play a role in immune responses

Answer 29

Cytokines

Question 30

**Signaling Molecules: Local Regulators** o acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons o kills bacteria and cancer cells when secreted by WBCs o dilates the walls of blood vessels when secreted by endothelial cells

Answer 30

Nitric oxide (NO)

Question 31

__________ of erection of the penis involves release of nitric oxide (NO) in the corpus cavernosum during sexual stimulation.

Answer 31

mechanism

Question 32

________ enhances the ____ of NO by inhibiting phosphodiesteras type 5 (PDE5), which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum.

Answer 32

Sildenafil effect

Question 33

**Signaling Molecules: Local Regulators** o modified fatty acids o secreted by the placenta stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth opromote fever and inflammation and intensify the sensation of pain o regulate aggregation of platelets (early step in blood clot formation)

Answer 33

Prostaglandins (PGs)

Question 34

o secreted by neurons at many synapses o diffuse a very short distance o bind receptors on target cells o play a role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement o Acetylcholine (ACh) – muscle contraction

Answer 34

Neurotransmitters

Question 35

**Signaling Molecules: Neurotransmitters** muscle contraction

Answer 35

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 36

o secreted by neurosecretory cells o diffuse from nerve cell endings into the bloodstream o ADH (vasopressin) – increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction (ADH)

Answer 36

Neurohormones

Question 37

**Signaling Molecules: Neurohormones** increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction (ADH)

Answer 37

ADH (vasopressin)

Question 38

o chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species o mark trails leading to food o defining territories o warning of predators o attracting potential mates

Answer 38

Pheromones

Question 39

o chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants o body’s chemical messengers o regulate growth and development o control the function of various tissues o support reproductive functions o regulate metabolism o slow acting but long lasting

Answer 39

Hormones

Question 40

**The Body’s Long-Distance Regulators** chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

Answer 40

Animal hormones

Question 41

**The Body’s Long-Distance Regulators** reach all parts of the body, but only target cells have ______ for that hormone

Answer 41

receptors

Question 42

inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

Answer 42

Negative feedback loop

Question 43

reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response

Answer 43

Positive feedback

Question 44

**Multiple Effects of Hormones** The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have:

Answer 44

o Different receptors for the hormone o Different signal transduction pathways o Different proteins for carrying out the response

Question 45

**Multiple Effects of Hormones** A hormone can also have different effects in different _______

Answer 45

species

Question 46

Different ___________ in different cells can lead to different responses to the same signal.

Answer 46

signal-transduction pathways

Question 47

**Chemical Classes of Hormones** Three major classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates:

Answer 47

o Polypeptides (proteins and peptides) o Amines derived from amino acids o Steroid hormones

Question 48

oxytocin

Answer 48

peptide hormone

Question 49

cortisol

Answer 49

steroid hormones

Question 50

norepinephrine trioidothyronine

Answer 50

amine hormones

Question 51

**Classes of Hormones** Three major classes:

Answer 51

polypeptides, steroids, and amines

Question 52

**Classes of Hormones** polypeptides and amines

Answer 52

water-soluble

Question 53

**Classes of Hormones** steroid hormones and other largely nonpolar hormones

Answer 53

lipid-soluble

Question 54

Insulin

Answer 54

Polypeptides

Question 55

Cortisol

Answer 55

Steroids

Question 56

Epinephrine Thyroxine

Answer 56

Amines

Question 57

**Cellular Response Pathways** _______ hormones are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors

Answer 57

Water-soluble

Question 58

**Cellular Response Pathways** They bind to receptors in the plasma membranes of the ________

Answer 58

target cells

Question 59

**Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones** ______ has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress

Answer 59

epinephrine

Question 60

**Pathway for Water-Soluble Hormones** _____ binds to receptors on the plasma membrane of liver cells triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream

Answer 60

epinephrine

Question 61

**Cellular Response Pathways** __________ hormones diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the membrane of target cells o They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells.

Answer 61

Lipid-soluble

Question 62

**Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones** response is usually a change in ________

Answer 62

gene expression

Question 63

**Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones** steroid hormone binds to its ___________, a hormone receptor complex forms that moves into the nucleus

Answer 63

cytosolic receptor

Question 64

**Pathway for Lipid-Soluble Hormones** receptor part of the complex acts as a transcriptional regulator of specific __________

Answer 64

target genes

Question 65

Signaling by any of these hormones involves three key events:

Answer 65

o Reception o Signal transduction o Response