1-3

Question 1

The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen it. Aka I-knew-it-all-along

Answer 1

Hindsight Bias

Question 2

An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events

Answer 2

Theory

Question 3

A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events

Answer 3

Hypothesis

Question 4

Effectively summarized a wide range of observations

Answer 4

Good theory

Question 5

Everyday, natural situations outside the

Answer 5

Field research

Question 6

A controlled situation where the variables being correlational research, survey research, and experimental research

Answer 6

Lab research

Question 7

Detecting naturally occurring relationships between two or more variables. Allows us to make predictions. Doesn’t allow us to determine causation.

Answer 7

Correlational research

Question 8

Most common form of correlational research. Random sample of every person in population. Survey question issues that may lead to bias.

Answer 8

Survey research

Question 9

Used to sell seek cause and effect relationships. Same issues as survey research. Random sampling.

Answer 9

Experimental research

Question 10

Factor that is manipulated one

Answer 10

Independent variable

Question 11

Factor that is measured

Answer 11

Dependent variable

Question 12

Experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

Answer 12

Mundane realism

Question 13

Experiments absorb/ involve participants

Answer 13

Experimental realism

Question 14

Cues that tell participants how to behave. “helpful participants” and “screw you” participants

Answer 14

Demand characteristics

Question 15

What we know and believe about ourselves

Answer 15

Self-concept

Question 16

Beliefs about self that organize and guide the process of self-relevant information

Answer 16

Self-schema

Question 17

A person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth

Answer 17

Self-esteem

Question 18

We tend to focus more on info. related to ourselves. Develop social self, roles we play, social comparison, success n failure experiences, culture

Answer 18

Self-reference

Question 19

Roles we play. New roles tend to make us feel self-conscious.

Answer 19

Development of social self

Question 20

Evaluating one’s abilities/ opinions by comparing oneself to others

Answer 20

Social comparison

Question 21

Perception about your ability to control outcomes

Answer 21

Locus of control

Question 22

Group more important than the individual

Answer 22

Collectivism

Question 23

Outcomes are controlled by your own efforts

Answer 23

Internal locus of control

Question 24

Outcomes are controlled by chance or outside forces

Answer 24

External locus of control

Question 25

In the face of repeated uncontrollable bad experiences, we learn to feel helpless and resigned, and become passive

Answer 25

Learned helplessness

Question 26

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably

Answer 26

Self-serving bias

Question 27

"I didn't do it", "It wasn't so bad", "Yes, but..."

Answer 27

3 Major categories of excuses

Question 28

Tendency to overestimate the commonality of our opinions, our undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors

Answer 28

False consensus effect

Question 29

Tendency to underestimate the commonality of our abilities, our desirable or successful behaviors

Answer 29

False uniqueness effect

Question 30

Protection one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure

Answer 30

Self-presentation

Question 31

Our judgement are influenced by both unconscious and conscious systems

Answer 31

SBJ

Question 32

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitivepreferences and social judgements

Answer 32

Embodied cognition

Question 33

Immediately knowing something without

Answer 33

Intuitive judgement

Question 34

Tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's belief

Answer 34

Overconfidence

Question 35

Tendency to bias to search for information that confirms our preconceptions

Answer 35

Confirmation bias

Question 36

Mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events

Answer 36

Heuristic

Question 37

judging based on the extent it resembles (or represent) a typical case

Answer 37

Representative heuristic

Question 38

Tendency to ignore base-rate information

Answer 38

Base-rate fallacy

Question 39

Judging likelihood based on how easily instances come to mind (are availability to our memory)

Answer 39

Availability heuristic

Question 40

Perception of a relationship where none exists

Answer 40

Illusory correlation

Question 41

Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control (or more controllable than they actually are)

Answer 41

Illusion of control

Question 42

How we explain other people's behavior

Answer 42

Attribution theory

Question 43

People's intentions and dispositions correspond to their actions

Answer 43

Inferring traits

Question 44

Tendency for observers to: underestimate situational influences or overestimate dispositional influences

Answer 44

Fundamental Attribution error