1,4,5,&6 : Characteristics Of Living Organisms, Chemistry Of Life, Cells Structure And Function, Cell Membranes, Transport And Communication Flashcards
(211 cards)
0
Q
To study the natural world, scientists follow a series of logical steps known as the
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Scientific method
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Is the scientific study of life
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Biology
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The scientific method begins with
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Observations
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Q
After observation, the next step in the scientific method is the creative process of generating a
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Hypothesis
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After hypothesis comes
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Predictions
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Q
After the prediction of a hypothesis is a
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Test
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Q
Living organisms are
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Composed of cells, reproduce using DNA, grow and develop, actively taking energy from their environment, maintain constant internal conditions, can evolve as groups
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Q
Viruses are composed of
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No cells, sometimes they reproduce using DNA, they do not grow and develop, they do not take in energy, they have no internal conditions, and they evolve very rapidly.
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Q
Is a virus alive?
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No, they have no cells.
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The smallest and most basic unit of life
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Cell
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Larger organisms, such as monkeys and oak trees, our made up of many different kinds of specialized cells and are known as
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Multicellular organisms
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The biological hierarchy
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Molecule, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
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Is the heredity, or genetic, material that transfers information from parents to offspring
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DNA
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Organisms maintain remarkably constant internal conditions
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Homeostasis
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A change in groups of organisms overtime
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Evolution
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Consists of all organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring, but that do not, or cannot, breed with other organisms
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Species
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Are groups of organisms within a species that live and interact with one another, like the mountain lions of one particular mountain range
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Populations
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Biologists find it useful to organize life into a
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Biological hierarchy
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At the lowest level, the hierarchy begins with the
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Molecules found primarily in living organisms, and examples such as DNA
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Q
Transforms the suns energy into chemical energy in the form of sugars and starches
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Producers
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Organisms that eat either producers or other organisms whose energy ultimately derives from producers
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Consumers
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Organisms that derive their sustenance from dead organisms or cast-off parts of living organisms
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Decomposers
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A depiction of producers, consumers, and decomposers that illustrates who eats whom is known as a
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Food web
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Q
Has a distinctive set of physical and chemical properties and cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods
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Element
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Defined as the smallest unit of an element that still has a characteristic chemical properties of that element
Atom
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Has a positive charge
Proton
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Has a negative charge
Electronic
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Has a neutral charge
Neutron
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A single Atom has a dense central core, called the
Nucleus
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The number of protons found in atoms nucleus is the
Atomic number
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Elements can also be distinguished by their
Atomic mass number
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The sum of an atoms protons and neutrons
Atomic mass number
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A variant form of a chemical element that differs in its number of neutrons, and therefore in its atomic mass number, from the most common form of that element
Isotope
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An unstable, radioactive form of element that releases energy as it decays to more stable forms at a constant rate overtime
Radioisotope
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The attractive interaction that causes to Atoms to associate with each other is known as a
Chemical bond
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Atoms that become charged due to loss or gain of electrons are called
Ions
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The chemical attraction between negatively charged and positively charged ions is called a
Ionic bond
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Is an assemblage of Atoms in which at least two of the atoms are linked through electron sharing
Molecule
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Electron sharing creates an exceptionally strong chemical bond known as a
Covalent bond
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Hydrogen Atoms have_____ electronic shell. Carbon atoms have
One electron shell, two electron shells
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70% of every organism is
H20, water
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A hydrogen bond is
Polar
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Is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration
PH
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Number one on the pH scale is the
Highest concentration
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Any substance that contains atoms from two or more different elements, each in a precise ratio, is known as a
Chemical compound
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Hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds are individually weak but collectively potent, which means they are very
Strong
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Atoms can be linked, not only by covalent bonds, but also via
Noncovalent bonds
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Molecules with an uneven distribution of electrical charge are called
Polar molecules
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Forms when a hydrogen Atom with a partial positive charge interacts with a neighboring polar molecule that contains a partial negative atom
Hydrogen bond
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Dissolve, mix completely with the water
Soluble
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Any combination of a solute a dissolved substance, such as salt
Solution
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Molecules that associate with water are called
Hydrophilic, Hydro = water, philic = loving
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Molecules that are excluded from water are called
Hydrophobic, phobic = fearing
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The process of breaking existing chemical bonds and creating new chemical bonds is known as a
Chemical reaction
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A substance that undergoes a chemical reaction, either alone or in conjunction with other reactants
Reactant
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The alteration of electron sharing patterns through a chemical reaction yields at least one chemical substance that is different from the reactants and the newly formed substance or substances are called the
Products of the chemical reaction
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Is a polar compound that dissolves in water and loses one or more hydrogen ions
Acid
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Are also polar compounds, but unlike acids, they accept hydrogen ions from their surroundings
Bases
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A pH of 7 means that a solution is
Neutral
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Values below 7 on the pH scale, indicate
Acidic solutions, The lower the value, the more acidic the solution
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A solution with a pH of 7 or above is
Basic
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Maintaining the concentration of hydrogen ions within narrow limits
Buffers
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Molecules that include at least one carbon hydrogen bond are referred to as
Organic molecules
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Small organic molecules can link up via covalent bonds to create larger assemblies of Atoms called
Macromolecules, macro = large
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Small molecules that serve as repeating units in a macromolecule or called
Monomers, mono = 1
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Macromolecules that contain monomers as the building blocks are called
Polymers, poly = many
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Sugars and their polymers are referred to as
Carbohydrates
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The simplest sugar molecules are called
Monosaccharides, mono = 1, Sacchar = sugar
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The one monosaccharide that is found in almost all cells is
Glucose
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Has a key role as an energy source within the cell, and nearly all the chemical reactions that produce energy for living organisms
Glucose
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Went to monosaccharides combined they form a
Disaccharide, di = 2
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Up to thousands of monosaccharides can be linked together to form a polymer called a
Polysaccharide
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Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, are all
Carbohydrates
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Glucose plus fructose equals
Surcros
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Bunch of new Nucleotides together
Double helix
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Nucleotides Are composed of
A nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar, and up to three phosphate groups
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Nitrogenous base
Nitrogen-containing base, that is covalently bonded to a 5-carbon sugar which in turn is covalently bonded to a phosphate group
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Phosphate group
A functional group consisting of a phosphate atom and four oxygen atoms
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Five different nucleotides serve as the components for a class of polymers called
Nucleic acids
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Nucleic acids in living cells are of two kinds
The Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA, and ribonucleic acid, RNA
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DNA is distinguished from RNA by the type of
Sugar in is nucleotides and by two of the nitrogenous bases that bond with that sugar
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Ribose, the sugar in RNA, differs from deoxyribose, the sugar in DNA in that it has
One or more oxygen atom
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The most universal of these energy carriers is the nucleotide known as
Adenosine triphosphate, or a ATP
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Proteins known as ______ speed up the chemical reactions that are vital for life processes
Enzymes
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Are the monomers that build proteins
Amino acids
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Linear chains of amino acids are covalently linked to create a polymer known as
Polypeptide
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In a polypeptide chain, the amino group of one amino acid is covalently linked to the carboxyl group of another via a covalent linkage called a
Peptide bond
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The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is known as the
Primary structure of that polypeptide
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The next level of organization in a polypeptide is the regional folding of the amino acid chain into specific patterns that constitute the
Secondary structure
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In addition to having a secondary structure, most polypeptides must undergo an additional level of folding, to create a
Tertiary structure before they can function as a protein
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Proteins are made from
Amino acids
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An amino acid
Has a functional amino group, a hydrogen Adam, a carboxyl functional group
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There are ____ naturally occurring amino acids
20
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How are the 20 amino acids different
They all have in R group
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A peptide bond is formed when the carboxyl group of one amino acid bonds covalently with the amino group of another amino acid. In the process, an OH group is eliminated from the carboxyl end and a hydrogen Atom is released from the amino end, the OH and H come together to form one molecule of?
Water
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Some proteins are composed of more than one polypeptide, in which case they have yet another level of organization, called the
Quaternary structure
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The destruction of a proteins three-dimensional structure, resulting in loss of protein activity, is known as
Denaturation
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Are hydrophobic molecules made by living cells and they are built from chains or rings of hydrocarbon Atoms
Lipids
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Lipids that are solid or semi solid at room temperature are commonly called
Bats
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Most lipids are built from one or more
Fatty acids
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Fatty acids in which all the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain are linked together by a single covalent bond are said to be
Saturated because each carbon in it is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
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When one or more of these carbon atoms are linked by double bonds, the fatty acid is said to be unsaturated
Because some of the carbon atoms are not bonded to a full complement of hydrogen atoms
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Unsaturated bonds has a
A bent from the double bond
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When all three hydroxyl groups in glycerol are bonded to a fatty acid, the resulting compound is called a
Triglyceride
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Is created when a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains form covalent bonds to glycerol
Phospholipid
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Because of their dual character, phospholipids exposed to water spontaneously arrange themselves in double-layered sheets, known as
Phospholipid bilayers
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Cell membranes are composed of
Phospholipids
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Are the basic unit of life
Cells
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Every cell, prokaryotic or eukaryotic has a lipid-based outer boundary, called the
Plasma membrane
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All the contents of a cell internal to the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus, are collectively called the
Cytoplasm
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The cytoplasm contains a water-based fluid called the ____ that is composed of a multitude of free ions and molecules next in water
Cytosol
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In addition to the cytosol, the cytoplasm contains structures called
Organelles that are part of the machinery of the cell
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Are small organelles found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Ribosomes
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Many of the largest organelles, such as the ______, are wrapped in lipid membranes similar to the plasma membrane but with different types of proteins embedded in them
Nucleus
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The concept of the plasma membrane as a highly mobile mixture of also phospholipids, other types of lipids and membrane proteins, is referred to as the
Fluid Mosaic model
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Organisms whose DNA is not confined within the membrane-enclosed nucleus are known as
Prokaryotes
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Those that have a nucleus, and an elaborate system of other membrane-enclosed compartments, are known as
Eukaryotes
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The boundary of the nucleus, called the
Nuclear envelope
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Each DNA molecule, wound around spools of the compacting proteins, constitutes one
Chromosome
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The nuclear envelope contains many small openings called
Nuclear pores
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The nuclei most cells contain one or more distant regions, known as the
Nucleoli
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Is a region of the nucleus that specializes in churning out large quantities of a special type of RNA, called our rRNA
Nucleolus
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Is an extensive and complex network of tubes and flattened sacks, all connected to one another
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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A general term for the space inside any closed structure inside the cell or inside the body
Lumen
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Manufacture of various types of lipids destined for other cellular compartments, including the plasma membrane
Smooth ER
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Specializes in manufacturing proteins that are destined for specific compartments within the cell or for export to the outside of the cell
Rough ER
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Are small, membrane-in closed sacks with functions ranging from storage to the disassembly of macromolecules
Vesicles
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Specialize in moving substance from one location to another within the Cytoplasm and to and from the exterior of the cell
Transport vesicles
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Direct proteins and lipids produced by the ER to their final destinations, either inside or outside the cell
Golgi apparatus
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Are like the junkyard and recycling center of the cell
Lysosomes
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Are lashed in a whipped like pattern
Eukaryotic flagella
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Are pod shaped and bound by double membranes, that is, two distinctly different lipid bilayers
Mitochondria
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Are relatively rigid, hollow cylinders of protein, help position organelles, move transport vesicles and other organelles, and generate propulsive in cell projections such as the cilia or flagella found in some eukaryotic cells
Microtubules
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Are rope like cables of protein, the nature of which can vary from one cell type to another
Intermediate filaments
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Are the thinnest and most flexible of the three types of cytoskeletal structures
Microfilaments
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Why a cytoskeleton?
Support plasma membrane, position organelles, create highways to transport vesicles, shape, mechanical strength, locomotion, move
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Cells release substances to the outside via
Exocytosis
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Molecules can move down a _______ that is, from an area of abundance to an area of scarcity.
Concentration gradient
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Without any input of energy
Passive transport
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With an input of energy
Active transport
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To spread passively, until it is evenly distributed throughout the water
Diffuse
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Recruit special substances inside the cell
Receptors
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Enable ions of the right size and charge to move through the plasma membrane, as long as they are moving down a concentration gradient
Channel proteins
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Also transport substances in a passive matter, but they function more like a revolving door then an open tunnel
Passive carrier proteins
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Can move molecules across the plasma membrane with the aid of an energy-rich molecules such as ATP
Active carrier proteins
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Is an external medium that is more watery, has fewer solutes, therefore a higher water concentration
Hypotonic solution
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Water is constantly moving into and out of cells by a process called
Osmosis
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Is an external medium that is less Watery
Hypertonic solution
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Is just right
Isotonic solution
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Is the process by which cells release substances into their surroundings by fusing membrane, enclosed vesicles with the plasma membrane
Exocytosis
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The reverse of exocytosis is
Endocytosis
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Cell eating
Phagocytosis
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All the cells in a multicellular body must be woven together properly, with appropriate means of
Cell communication
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The structures, usually consisting of protein complexes, that anchors cells or holds them together or interconnect them, are known as
Cell junctions
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Cells communicate through
Gap junctions
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A leakproof seal
Tight junctions
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Act as protein hooks between cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix
Anchoring junctions
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Communication between cells is based on the release and transmission of
Signaling molecules
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The signaling molecule is received by another cell
Target cell
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Are long-lasting signaling molecules that can act over long distances
Hormones
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Bind and support body parts
Connective tissue
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Three components of connective tissue
Specialized cells, ground substance, protein fibers
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Collagen, reticular, or elastic
Protein fibers
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Non-cellular material, solid, semi-solid, or liquid
Ground substance
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Many types of CT can be found in the knee
Loose fibrous tissue, Cartilage, dense fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, compact bone
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Materials dissolved in water are referred to as
Salutes
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The regulatory process in homeostatic pathways commonly have
Feedback loops
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Processes with __________ have multiple steps, and one step can reach back to control an earlier step in such a way that the output of the process as a whole is changed
Feedback loops
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Turns off or reduces the output of a process
Negative feedback loop
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Is an in evitable byproduct of an animal's metabolism some energy is released as heat whenever electrons are transferred, or bonds are broken or formed, during biochemical reactions
Metabolic heat
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Are organized to highly branched networks that can be so narrow that the single red blood just barely fits with in them
Capillaries, the smallest blood vessel
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Are specialized to regulate how the internal environment exchanges water, solutes, and heat directly with the external environment
Epithelial tissue
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CT is divided into two main categories
Fibrous connective tissue, specialized connective tissue
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Fluid connective tissue
Blood, lymph
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Moves body and body parts
Muscular tissue
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Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
Muscular tissue
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Muscles tissue components
Cells = muscle fibers, protein filaments = actin and myosin
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Receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses
Nervous tissue
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Neurons = cells that conduct nerve impulses, Neuroglia = cells that support and nourish neurons
Nervous tissue components
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Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
Epithelial tissue
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Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar
Squashed, cube, columns
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One layer of cells, many layers cells
Simple, stratified
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Process of maintaining appropriate and constant internal conditions inside cells. Allows vital biomechanical reactions to occur
Homeostasis
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Which loop is the primary homeostatic mechanism
Negative
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Thoracic, contains heart, lungs and esophagus. Abdominal, contain stomach, liver, spleen. Pelvic contains reproductive and other organs
Ventral cavity
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Cranial = contains brain. Vertebral= contains spinal cord
Dorsal cavity
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Dr. House wants to remove your spleen, which cavity does he want to open?
Abdominal
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Study of skin disease
Dermatology
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Skin contains all for tissue types
Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer,
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EPI
= Upon
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Increase in diameter
Vasodilation
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Decrease in diameter
Vasoconstriction
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As cells divide they go up
Epidermis
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Renew, replace skin cells
Stem cells
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As cells divide they go up
Keratinization
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What is acne?
Inflammation of the sebaceous glands
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Is the study of fingerprints
Dermatoglyphics
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There are three basic fingerprint patterns
Arches, loops, whorls
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AFIS
Automated fingerprint identification system
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When describing the human body always refer to
Anatomical position
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Supports and protects the long axis of the body
The axial skeleton
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The bones of the arms and legs and the pelvis make up the
Appendicular Skelton
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Surround themselves with a hard, nonliving mineral matrix composed largely of calcium and phosphate compounds that we accumulate from our diet
Osteocytes
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A tissue that, depending on the type of bone, produces blood cells, such as red blood cells, or stores fat
Marrow
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Forms the hard, white outer region
Compact bone
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Lies inside the compact bone and is almost extensive at the knobby ends of our long bones
Spongy bone
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Is a dense tissue that combines strength with flexibility
Cartledge
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A tough but pliable protection that makes 25% of all the protein in the human body
Collagen
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Specialized, flexible bands of tissue called_______ join bone to bone to help hold a joint together
Ligaments
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Junctions in the skeletal system that let the Skelton move in specific ways
Joints
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Also rich in collagen, connect muscle to bones, _______help hold the meat together by connecting the upper leg muscles to the bones of the lower leg
Tendons
