Ch. 10, 11, 12, 13 & 15, Patterns of inheritance, Chromosomes and human genetics, DNA, From Gene to protein, DNA technology Flashcards
1
Q
Father of genetics
A
Gregor Mendel
2
Q
Genetic traits
A
Patterns in which inherited characteristics, or _____ are passed from parent to offspring
3
Q
A stretch of DNA that governs one or more genetic traits
A
Gene
4
Q
The display of a particular version of a genetic trait in a specific individual is the ____ of that individual
A
Phenotype
5
Q
They possess two copies of each type of chromosome
A
Diploid
6
Q
Two members of the specific chromosome pair found in diploid cells, one of which comes from the individual’s mother and the other from its father
A
Homologous chromosome pair
7
Q
in a homologous pair of chromosomes, the one that comes from the mother
A
Maternal homologue
8
Q
In a pair of homologous Chromosomes, the one that comes from the father
A
Paternal Homologue
9
Q
The sex cells have only one set of chromosomes, that is, half the total number of chromosomes found in a diploid cell
A
Haploid
10
Q
Different versions of a given gene are known as
A
Alleles
11
Q
Of an individual is the allelic makeup of that individual leading to a particular phenotype
A
Genotype
12
Q
An individual who carries two copies of the same allele is said to be a
A
Homozygote
13
Q
An individual whose genotype consist of two different alleles for a given phenotype is a
A
Heterozygote
14
Q
The allele that exerts a controlling influence on the phenotype, to the point of masking the effect of a second allele it is paired with, is said to be
A
Dominant
15
Q
The first generation of offspring in a genetic cross
A
F1 generation
16
Q
The second generation of offspring in a genetic cross
A
F2 generation
17
Q
A controlled mating experiment, usually performed to analyze the inheritance of a particular trait
A
Genetic cross
18
Q
The parent generation in a genetic cross
A
P generation
19
Q
an allele That does not have a phenotypic effect when paired with a dominant allele
A
Recessive Allele
20
Q
Any inherited feature of an organism that can be measured or observed, height, flower color, or the chemical structure of a protein, are all examples of genetic traits
A
Trait
21
Q
Any change in the DNA that makes a gene
A
Mutation
22
Q
Two copies of a gene separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes
A
Law of segregation
23
Q
it charts how alleles are distributed into gametes by meiosis and combined in all possible ways during fertilization
A
Punnett Square
24
Q
We can represent the separation of the two copies of the gene during meiosis, and their recombining through fertilization, using a diagram called a
A
Punnett Square
25
Which states that when gametes form, the separation of the two copies (Alleles) of one gene during meiosis is independent of the separation of the copies of other genes
Law of independent assortment
26
What is the ultimate source of genetic variation in a population of organisms?
Mutations, which are random changes in the coding information in DNA
27
When neither allele in a heterozygote is completely dominant over the other, a third phenotype may be observed that is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two Homozygous alleles
Incomplete dominance
28
A pair of alleles can also show _____, in which the effect of both alleles is equally visible in the phenotype of the heterozygote
Codominance
29
The situation when a single gene influences a variety of different traits is called
Pleiotropy
30
When the phenotypic effect of the alleles of one gene depends on which alleles are present for another, independently inherited Gene, the phenomenon is known as
Epistasis
31
They are determined by the action of more than one gene
Polygenic
32
Allele H produces straight hair, while allele H' produces curly hair. Individuals with the HH' genotype have wavy hair, somewhere between straight and curly. Are alleles H and H' codominant?
No, they display incomplete dominance, since they produce an intermediate phenotype in the heterozygote
33
The ABO blood groups are determined by several alleles of the I gene. Is this a polygenic trait?
No, ABO blood groups are controlled by a single gene with multiple alleles
34
What is Pleiotropy?
The phenomenon of a single gene influencing a variety of different traits is called pleiotropy
35
Explain why this statement is incorrect, Polygenic traits are affected by environmental influences, but single-gene traits are not.
The phenotype of some single gene traits may be environmentally influenced. For example, the temperature-sensitive Ct allele in Siamese cats is one allele of a single gene, C.
36
What are the four human blood types
A, B, AB, O
37
PP
Homozygous dominant
38
Pp
Heterozygous
39
pp
Homozygous recessive
40
True breeding parents
Two of the same alleles
41
The physical location of a gene on chromosome is called a
Locus
42
The concept that genes are located on chromosomes came to be known as the
Chromosome theory of inheritance
43
Chromosomes that determine sex are called
Sex chromosomes
44
All other chromosomes which are not sex chromosomes are called
Autosomes
45
Functions as a master switch, committing the sex of the developing embryo to male
The SRY Gene, sex determining region of Y
46
Genetic Loci that our neighbors or his Positioned close to each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together and are said to be
Genetically linked
47
Random segments of the chromosomes are swapped between pairs of homologous chromosomes in a process known as
Crossing-over
48
Refers to the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis
Independent assortment of chromosomes
49
Is a chart similar to a family tree that shows genetic relationships among family members over two more generations of the family's history
A pedigree
50
A needle is inserted through the abdomen Into the uterus to extract a small amount of amniotic fluid from the pregnancy sac that surrounds the fetus
Amniocentesis
51
Another method in which a physician uses ultra sound to guide a narrow, flexible tube through a woman's vagina and into her uterus, where the tip of the tube is placed next to the villi, a cluster of cells that attaches to the pregnancy sac to the wall of the uterus. Cells are removed from the villi by gentle suction, then tested for genetic disorders
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
52
One or two cells are removed from the developing embryo, usually three days after fertilization occurs.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
53
Heterozygous individuals are said to be
Carriers
54
Sex linked genes are found on the X chromosome or the Y chromosome-but not both-males receive only one copy of each sex linked genes
Sex-linked
55
Six-linked genes on the X chromosomes are said to be
X-linked
56
All sex-linked genes on the Y chromosome are said to be
Y-linked
57
When chromosomes are being aligned or separated during cell division, breaks can occur that alter the length of one or more chromosomes. Sometimes a piece breaks off and is lost from the chromosome
Deletion
58
The fragment returns to the correct place on the original chromosome, but with the genetic Loci in reverse order
Inversion
59
A broken piece from one chromosome becomes attached to a different, nonhomologous chromosome
Translocation
60
Is a type of chromosomal abnormality in which a chromosome becomes longer because it ends up with two copies of a particular chromosome fragment
Duplication
61
Refers to the condition of having three copies of a chromosome instead of usually two
Trisomy
62
Which parent determines gender
Dad, they have the X + Y chromosome
63
Female chromosome is always
XX
64
Linked genes are
Inherited together
65
An inborn error of metabolism that results in maternal MR if left untreated
PKU
66
Gender likely to inherit an X-linked disorder
Male
67
Is the genetic material in all living cells. It consists of two strands of nucleotides twisted into a double helix
DNA
68
Such a change in the genotype of a cell or organism after it has absorbed DNA of another genotype is called
Transformation
69
A structure that can be thought of as a ladder twisted into a spiral coil
Double helix
70
DNA's untwisted two-dimensional form has to long strands of repeating units called
nucleotides
71
Each nucleotide is composed of the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four
Nitrogenous Bases
72
Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)
73
Hydrogen bonds connect the bases on one strand to the bases on the other strand, thereby holding the two strands together. These _____ connected by hydrogen bonds are the rungs of the ladder
Base pairs
74
When the sequence of bases on one strand of the DNA molecule is known, the sequence of bases on the other, _____ of the molecule is automatically know
Complementary strand
75
DNA is composed of millions of these bases, in the order of the bases along the DNA molecule, or _____, this suggestion has also proved to be correct
DNA sequence
76
The duplication of a DNA molecule
DNA replication
77
This mode of replication is known as _____, because one old strand from the template DNA is retained, or conserved, in each new double helix
Conservative replication
78
The main enzyme involved in the replication of DNA has now been identified and is called
DNA polymerase
79
When an incorrect base is added but escapes the mechanism for immediate proofreading a
Mismatch error has occurred
80
A change to the sequence of bases in an organism DNA is called a
Mutation
81
Mutations can also occur when cells are exposed to _____, substances or energy sources that alter DNA
Mutagens
82
The damage to DNA must be recognized, removed, and replaced. Different sets of repair proteins specialize in recognizing defects in DNA structure and removing the damage segment of DNA by cutting it out with special enzymes
DNA repair
83
The process by which a cell brings about its own death, through an orderly series of cellular events, is known as
Apoptosis
84
Name the enzyme that creates covalent bonds between successive nucleotides to create a polymer complementary to a template DNA strand
DNA polymerase
85
Describe the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication
In DNA replication, each new double helix is composed of one old strand from the template DNA molecule and one newly polymerized strand
86
What types of mechanisms reduce the chance that the DNA in a cell will mutate? Are these mechanisms 100% effective?
Proofreading by DNA polymers and the DNA repair system. Neither mechanism is 100% effective
87
James Watson and Francis Crick
In 1953 discovered that DNA looked like a double helix
88
Genes are located on
Chromosomes
89
Genes are made out of
DNA
90
Messenger RNA
mRNA
91
Ribosomal RNA
rRNA
92
Transfer RNA
tRNA
93
An mRNA molecule is made using the information in the DNA sequence of a gene
Transcription
94
The information in the mRNA molecule is used to synthesize the protein
Translation
95
The key enzyme in DNA replication is DNA polymerase, while the key enzyme in transcription is
RNA polymerase
96
Transcription of Eugene begins when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a segment of DNA near the beginning of the gene, called a
Promoter
97
Only one of the two DNA strands is used as a template, and this strand is called the
Template strand
98
A, in RNA pairs with
T, in DNA
99
C in RNA
Pairs with G in DNA
100
G, in RNA
Pairs with C, in DNA
101
U, in RNA
Pairs with, A in DNA
102
A DNA sequence that, when reached by RNA polymerase, causes transcription to end and the newly formed mRNA molecule to separate from its DNA template
Terminator
103
Another key event in RNA processing. Most freshly transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells have extra base sequences embedded in them that do not carry protein-building information.
RNA splicing
104
Regions of DNA within a gene that do not encode any part of the genes protein product
Intron
105
A DNA sequence within a gene that encodes part of the protein
Exon
106
That information in an mRNA molecule is read by ribosomes in sets of three bases, and each unique sequence of three bases is called a
Codon
107
Refers to the information specified by each of the 64 possible codons, the meaning of every word in the language
The genetic code
108
When reading the code, the cell begins at a fixed starting point on an mRNA molecule, called a
Start codon
109
When reading the code, the cell begins at a fixed starting point on an mRNA molecule, called the start codon, and ends at one of the several
Stop codons
110
A sequence of three Nitrogenous bases on a transfer RNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular codon on an mRNA molecule
Anticodon
111
Those in which a single base is altered
Point mutations
112
One base is substituted for another in the DNA sequence of the gene
Substitution mutation
113
Occur when a base is inserted into, or deleted from, a DNA sequence.
Insertion or deletion mutation
114
Single insertions and deletions cause a genetic
Frameshift
115
In genetics, the large change in coding information that results when the deletion or insertion in a gene sequence is not a multiple of three base pairs. The amino acid sequence of the protein that is translated from such a gene is severely all altered in most cases, and protein function is typically lost
Frameshift
116
The strategies and techniques scientists used to analyze and manipulate DNA are broadly known as
DNA technology
117
All the information held in the chromosomes
Genomes
118
Fragments of DNA can be joined together with the help of special enzymes, creating an artificial assembly of genetic material known as
Recombinant DNA
119
Is the introduction of recombinant DNA into a host cell that can generate many copies of the introduced DNA
DNA cloning
120
Is the permanent introduction of one or more genes into a cell, a certain tissue, or a whole organism, leading to a change in at least one genetic characteristics in the recipient
Genetic engineering
121
Is the use of genetic engineering techniques to alter the characteristics of specific tissues and organs in the human body, with the goal of treating serious genetic disorders or diseases
Gene therapy
122
DNA can be split into more manageable pieces by_____, which cut the DNA at highly specific sites
Restriction enzymes
123
DNA_____is another important enzyme for making recombinant DNA. DNA____ joins two DNA fragments
Ligase
124
DNA is placed into a depression, a well, in a gelatin-like slab
Gel electrophoresis
125
A short, single-stranded segment of DNA with a known sequence.
DNA probe
126
The goal of such experiments is to determine whether DNA extracted from a particular source has base pair complementary to a specific probe
DNA hybridization
127
When exposed to several single-stranded segments of test DNA, a DNA probe binds only to the segment that contains a base sequence that is complementary to the probe
DNA hybridization
128
Enables researchers to identify the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA fragments, a gene, or even the entire genome of an organism
DNA sequencing
129
Means to make a copy that is genetically identical to the original, so copying a whole organism is also a form of ____
Cloning
130
Is a collection of cloned DNA fragments that, together, represents all of the information in the genetic material of one organism
DNA library
131
Is a loop or chain of DNA designed to serve as a DNA vehicle
DNA vector
132
Are commonly used as DNA vectors. The DNA of certain viruses, or the chromosomes of bacterial or yeast cells, are also used as DNA vectors, especially when large DNA fragments need to be cloned
Plasmids
133
Uses a special type of DNA polymerase to make billions of copies of a targeted sequence of DNA in just a few hours
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
134
To amplify a piece of DNA by PCR, researchers must use two short segments of synthetic DNA, call
DNA primers
135
The process by identifying DNA unique to a species, or a specific individual within a species, is called
DNA fingerprinting
136
To produce offspring that is a genetic copy of a selected individual
Reproductive cloning
137
Restriction enzymes are used to cut a DNA sample into small pieces
RFLP analysis
138
An individual into which a modified gene or other DNA sequence has been inserted, typically with the intent of improving some aspect of the recipient organism's performance
Genetically modified organisms (GMO)
