1-40

Question 1

Actin & Myosin

Answer 1

Proteins responsible for the muscle contraction.

Question 2

Active transport

Answer 2

Energy-requiring transport of a substance across a membrane, against electrochemical gradient.

Question 3

Afterhyperpolarization

Answer 3

Hyper polarization after an action potential.

Question 4

Agonist

Answer 4

A substance that have the same effect on a receptor as the mediator or transmitter

Question 5

Albumin

Answer 5

The largest protein fraction in the blood plasm, mainly responsible for the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma.

Question 6

Aldo-sugar

Answer 6

A sugar containing an aldehyde group (e.g. glucose, galactose)

Question 7

All-or-non response

Answer 7

Whether or not an action potential occurs does not depend on the strength of the stimulus, but on the membrane properties and on the ionic gradients.

Question 8

Alpha carbon atom

Answer 8

The c-atom closest to the carboxyl group in organic acids.

Question 9

Alpha helix

Answer 9

Helical secondary structure of proteins, stabilized by H-bonds between peptide bonds located above each other

Question 10

Alveoli

Answer 10

Functional units of the lung, the gases are exchanged through the walls of the alveoli.

Question 11

Anisotropic substance

Answer 11

A substance who’s optical or physical properties varies according to the direction from which they are observed. They are differentially transparent to polarized light, depending on the plane of the light.

Question 12

Annulus fibrous

Answer 12

Sheet of connective tissue separating the atria from ventricles and providing anchoring points for valves.

Question 13

Antagonist

Answer 13

A substance that inhibits the effect of a mediator or transmitter at the receptor.

Question 14

Antibody

Answer 14

A protein molecule produced by lymphocytes that can specifically bind to antigenes.

Question 15

Antigen

Answer 15

Usually a large molecule or a smaller part of it, that induces an immune response in a target organism.

Question 16

Apnea

Answer 16

A suspension or absence of breathing.

Question 17

Arteriole

Answer 17

A muscular vessel connecting arteries and capillaries.

Question 18

Arteriovenous anastomosis

Answer 18

A short vessel connecting arterioles and venules, found especially in the skin.

Question 19

Arteriovenous oxygen difference

Answer 19

The difference in the oxygen content in the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood flowing to and from an organ.

Question 20

ATP

Answer 20

Adenosine-triphosphate, an energy rich nucleotide used as a common energy source by all cells.

Question 21

Atrioventricular node

Answer 21

A specialized conduction tissue in the heart at the border of the right atrium and ventricle.

Question 22

Atrium

Answer 22

Chamber of the heart into which venous blood is returning.

Question 23

Autoimmune disease

Answer 23

Erroneous immune response og an organism against its own proteins or macromolecules.

Question 24

Axon

Answer 24

The appendage of the neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body.

Question 25

Axonal transport (anterograde and retrograde)

Answer 25

A transpot mechanism in neurons, providing a relatively fast movement of substances toward the axon terminals (anterograde,) and tower the cell body (retrograde)

Question 26

Baroceptor reflex

Answer 26

A reflex mechanism regulating blood pressure, starting from baroceptors in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch.

Question 27

Basal myogenic tone

Answer 27

To prevent an unnecessary increase in blood flow, some vessels with a muscular wall contract in response to increased blood pressure.

Question 28

Basophil granulocyte

Answer 28

White blood cells containing vesicles stained by basic stains.

Question 29

Beta sheet

Answer 29

Two dimensional secondary structure of proteins, stabilized by h-bonds between peptide-bonds on chain segments running in opposite directions.

Question 30

Bilirubin

Answer 30

The end product of heme-metabolism during the normal destruction of red blood cells.

Question 31

Biogenic amines

Answer 31

Signaling molecules, synthesized from amino acids by decarboxylization.

Question 32

Bipolar neuron

Answer 32

Neuron with two processes fulfilling the same function.

Question 33

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 33

A mechanism controlling the transport of materials from the blood to the extracellular space in the brain.

Question 34

Bronchiole

Answer 34

A small airway of the respiratory system extending from the bronchi into the lobes of the lung.

Question 35

Bundle of his

Answer 35

A special conducting tract within the inter ventricular septum of the mammalian hart, running from the atrioventricular (AV) node toward the poles of the ventricles.

Question 36

cAMP

Answer 36

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a signaling molecule

Question 37

Capacitance vessels

Answer 37

An alternative name for veins, because of their large compliance.

Question 38

Carotid sinus

Answer 38

A small but richly innervated arterial enlargement that functions in the regulation of heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 39

Catecholamines

Answer 39

Biogenic amines based on the catechol structure. Ex. Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine.

Question 40

Cellulose

Answer 40

A polysaccharide built up of glucose molecules forming straight chains.