171-215

Question 1

Nucleotide

Answer 1

The building block of nucleic acids. They are formed by (a) purine or pyrimidine base, (b) a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and (c) a phosphate group.

Question 2

Oligodendrocyte

Answer 2

Glial cells in the central nervous system which form myelin sheets around axons passing through its vicinity.

Question 3

Osmosis

Answer 3

The diffusion of water. Water moves through the membrane from the more diluted solution to the more concentrated solution, which means that it follows its concentration gradient.

Question 4

Output of the heart

Answer 4

The blood volume pumped by the heart into the circulation per minute.

Question 5

Overshoot

Answer 5

A part of the action potential in which the membrane potential becomes positive.

Question 6

Paracrine communication

Answer 6

Communication in which a signal reaches its target cell through the intestinal space.

Question 7

Paravertebral ganglia

Answer 7

A chain of ganglia that is connected with nerve trunks along the spinal cord, that contains sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

Question 8

Peptide

Answer 8

Short protein molecule

Question 9

Peptide bond

Answer 9

A covalent bond created by condensation (a reaction that releases a water molecule) of the amino and the carboxyl group of two amino acids.

Question 10

Peripheral (intrinsic) protein

Answer 10

Protein associated to the external or internal surface of the cell membrane.

Question 11

Permeability

Answer 11

A compounds ability to cross the membrane. Permeability depends on both the characteristics of the compound and of the membrane.

Question 12

Phagocyte

Answer 12

A cell that engulfs other cells, microorganisms or other foreign particles.

Question 13

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Answer 13

Forms of endocytosis to take up solid particles or fluids into the cell.

Question 14

Phosphoglyseride

Answer 14

The ever-present phosphorous containing lipid.

Question 15

Phospholipid

Answer 15

Phosphorous-containing lipid

Question 16

Phosphorylation

Answer 16

The incorporation of a phosphate group into an organic molecule.

Question 17

Plateau

Answer 17

The characteristic period in the action potential of the heart muscle cell in which the membrane potential is relatively constant.

Question 18

Pneumothorax

Answer 18

A collapse of the lung that happens due to a puncture that penetrates the pleural cavity.

Question 19

Poiseuille´s law

Answer 19

An equation which describes the laminar flow of fluids in rigid tubes as the function of (1) pressure difference, (2) tube diameter and length, and (3) viscosity.

Question 20

Polar

Answer 20

see hydrophilic

Question 21

Polypnea

Answer 21

Rapid breathing

Question 22

Polysaccharides

Answer 22

Macromolecules built up by simple sugar molecules.

Question 23

Postganglionic neuron

Answer 23

An autonomic neuron located in a peripheral ganglion which (1) receives input from preganglionic neurons and (2) synapses onto target organs.

Question 24

Posttetanic potentiation

Answer 24

An increased efficiency of synaptic transmission that follows presynaptic stimulation at a high frequency.

Question 25

Precapillary sphincter

Answer 25

A muscular ring at the beginning of capillaries which regulates the blood flow in the capillaries.

Question 26

Preganglionic neuron

Answer 26

An autonomic neuron which is located in the central nervous system and sends an axon into the periphery and synapses onto postganglionic cells.

Question 27

Pressor area (center)

Answer 27

An area in the dorsolateral reticular formation of the medulla. The excitation of the pressor area (1) increases heart rate and (2) constrict vessels, which in turn (3) increase blood pressure through sympathetic fibers.

Question 28

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 28

The sequence of amino acids building up the molecule

Question 29

Projection neuron

Answer 29

A nerve cell with a long axon running to remote targets.

Question 30

Protein

Answer 30

A macromolecule built up by amino acids.

Question 31

Protein kinase

Answer 31

An enzyme which catalyses the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a protein.

Question 32

Pseudounipolar neuron

Answer 32

A nerve cell with one process which branches near the cell body to form two equivalent neurits.

Question 33

Pulse volume

Answer 33

The volume of blood pumped by the heart into the circulation during one systole.

Question 34

Purines

Answer 34

A compound based on a two-ring structure that contain five c-atoms and four N-atoms; adenine and guanine.

Question 35

Purkinje fibers

Answer 35

Modified heart muscle fibers that conduct excitation from the bundle of his to the myocardium of the ventricles.

Question 36

Pyrimidines

Answer 36

Compounds based on a ring containing four c-atoms and two N-atoms; Uracil, thymidine and cytosine.

Question 37

Quantal release

Answer 37

Occurs as transmitter substances are released in small packages (quanta) from the synaptic terminal.

Question 38

Quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 38

The spatial arrangement of peptide chains and non-peptide components of a protein.

Question 39

Refractory period

Answer 39

The period during and immediately after an action potential in which the membrane can´t be excited (absolute refractory period) or has an elevated threshold (relative refractory period)

Question 40

Repolarization

Answer 40

The return to a membranes resting potential after having been depolarized.

Question 41

Residual volume

Answer 41

The volume of air left in the lung after maximal expiratory effort.

Question 42

Resistance vessel

Answer 42

Arteriole:

Question 43

Respiratory cardiac arrhythmia

Answer 43

Changes in the sinus rhythm caused by breathing.

Question 44

Saltatory conduction

Answer 44

The fast conduction of axon potentials on myelinated axons. Axons are only regenerated; delayed at the nodes of Ranvier, while they pass through internodes by electronic conduction with minimal delay. Action potentials jump from node to node.

Question 45

Sacrolemma

Answer 45

The membrane of the muscle fiber.