1

Question 1

what is postural hypertension

Answer 1

drop in systolic BP>20mmHg or diastolic >10mmHg after standing for 3min vs lying

Question 2

what is Kussmaul respiration

Answer 2

deep sighing breaths in severe metabolic acidosis (helps to blow off excess CO2)

Question 3

what is the crux of the heart

Answer 3

junction of all 4 chambers

Question 4

what is the purpose of and where are the fibrous rings of the heart

Answer 4

fibrous cardiac skeleton acts as an electrical insulator ensuring that there is only one point of electrical conduction between the atrial and ventricular myocardium
fibrous rings round all of the cardiac valves and fibrous part of the septum

Question 5

what does the presynaptic fibre connect between

Answer 5

CNS and ganglion

Question 6

what doe ganglion synapse between

Answer 6

axon of presynaptic neurone and cell body of postsynaptic neurone

Question 7

what does a postsynaptic fibre connect between

Answer 7

ganglion and organ

Question 8

what si the composition of the total body fluid

Answer 8

2/3 intracellular ad 1/3 extracellular

Question 9

what is the extracellular fluid made up of

Answer 9

plasma volume and interstitial fluid volume

Question 10

which clotting factor does dabigatran inhibit

Answer 10

IIa

Question 11

what clotting factor does rivaroxaban inhibit

Answer 11

Xa

Question 12

when are anticoagulants used

Answer 12

DVT
PE
NSTEMI
af

Question 13

when are fibrinolytic drugs used

Answer 13

PE (selected cases only)

CVA

Question 14

what are examples of fibrinolytic drugs

Answer 14

streptokinase

tPA

Question 15

how is the blood supplied to the largest arteries

Answer 15

the largest arteries are elastic as they have many sheets of elastic fibres in tunica media
only inner half of wall can obtain nutrients from lumen so have own blood supply
VASO VASORUM

Question 16

what is a single layer of flattened epithelial cells found in the heart called

Answer 16

mesothelium

Question 17

what is found between the tow mesothelial layers

Answer 17

pericardial cavity which secretes a small abount of serous fluid to lubricate for movement

Question 18

what are the signs of end organ damage due to hypertension

Answer 18

LV hypertrophy, creatinine raised, albuminuria/microalbuminuria
retinopathy

Question 19

what are the causes of secondary hypertension

Answer 19

common 
renal disease -renal artery stenosis, glomerulonephritis
obstructive sleep apnoea
aldosteronism-conns 
reno-vascular disease

Question 20

what does reactivation of the herpes simplex virus cause

Answer 20

shingles

Question 21

where do they cardiac visceral afferents travel in

Answer 21

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

Question 22

what do APs generated in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe bring about

Answer 22

contraction of the body wall skeletal muscle

Question 23

what do APs of the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe bring about

Answer 23

APs arriving here bring about body wall somatic sensations into consciousness

Question 24

where does herpes simplex virus lie dormant

Answer 24

in posterior root ganglion

Question 25

what is primary prevention

Answer 25

stopping a disease before it starts

Question 26

what is secondary prevention

Answer 26

stopping a disease from being as bad as it could be

Question 27

what is tertiary prevention

Answer 27

stopping later complications from developing

Question 28

what is aortic dissection

Answer 28

when a tear in the tunic intima of the aorta causes blood to flow between the layers if the wall if the aorta, forcing the layers apart
high pressure rips the tissue of the media apart along the laminated plane

Question 29

when does JVP occur

Answer 29

after right atrial pressure

Question 30

what is the a wave in JVP represent

Answer 30

atrial contraction

Question 31

what does the c wave in JVP represent

Answer 31

bulging of tricuspid valve into atrial during ventricular contraction

Question 32

what does v wave in JVP represent

Answer 32

rise of atrial pressure during atrial filling, release as AV valves open

Question 33

what does phase 4 in the ventricular myocyte represent

Answer 33

resting membrane potential

Question 34

what is an artery with a dilatation greater than 50%

Answer 34

an aneurysm

Question 35

what is the main cuase of peripheral vascular disease

Answer 35

atherosclerosis