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7 Flashcards

1
Q

what drug can be given to prevent the peripheral breakdown of levodopa

A

Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitos-carbidopa

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2
Q

levodopa can be broken down by what

A

COMT

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3
Q

levodopa can be broken down by COMT so drugs such as

A

entacapone and tolcapone

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4
Q

how does gabapentin work

A

voltage dependent ca channels

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5
Q

how does pregabalin work

A

N type Ca2+ channels

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6
Q

how does carbamazepine work

A

blocks na and Ca2+ channels

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7
Q

when do you get a rest tremor

A

PD

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8
Q

when do you get an intention tremor

A

cerebellar damage eg MS, stroke

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9
Q

when do you get a postural/essential tremor

A

Autosomal dominant essential tremor

hyperthyroidism, anxiety, B agonists

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10
Q

what is pseudoathetosis caused by

A

severe proprioceptive loss

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11
Q

describe the Fried model for measuring frailty

A 
1 point for each of 
unintentional weight loss 
low grip strength 
self-reported exhaustion 
low physical activity levels 
slow walking speed 
0=not frail 
1-2=pre-frail 
3+=frail
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12
Q

describe the deficit accumulation (Rockwood)

A

take a large number of body systems 20-80
count how many have a deficit
index divided by total number of systems
number between 0-1

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13
Q

what is included in complex geriatric assessment

A

medical, functioning, social and environmental, psycholocgical

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14
Q

what is anterior spinothalamic tract

A

crude touch and pressure

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15
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract transmits what

A

pain and temperature

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16
Q

what happens to the first order neurones in the spinothalamic tract

A

they arise at sensory receptors in periphery, enter the spinal cord ascend 1-2 vertebral levels and synapse at the tip of the dorsal horn-substantia gelatinosa

17
Q

at what point does the spinothalmic tract become two tracts

A

2nd order neurones-from substantia gelatinosa to thalamus-they decussate within the cord to form 2 tracts

18
Q

DCML lesions can be seen in what deficiency

A

B12

19
Q

what can help with neutropenia

A

G-CSFs eg filgrastim or lenograstim

20
Q

left shift almost always refers to what type of cells

A

neutrophils

21
Q

what do A delta fibres do

A

mechanical and thermal nociceptors that are thinly myelinated
they mediate first/fast pain

22
Q

what do C fibres do in pain

A

they respond to all noxious stimuli
they are unmyelinated
mediate 2nd/slow pain

23
Q

where does the sigmoid sinus drain into

A

the internal jugular vein

24
Q

what are antibodies produced against in myasthenia gravis

A

acetylcholine receptors

25
Q

what is lumbar the same as

A

para-aortic

26
Q

what does deep peroneal nerve innervate

A

anterior compartment of the leg

tibialis anterior, extensor halluces longus, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius, extensor digitoum brevis

27
Q

what does the median aperture do

A

drain CSF into the cisterna magna

28
Q

what is graft versus host disease

A

results from lymphocytic proliferation

donor lymphocytes sees the recipients lymphocytes as being foreign and can proliferate causing sever complications

29
Q

what can happen to the platelet count as a result of transfusion reaction

A

thrombocytenia, tends to happen a few days after transfusion

30
Q

what can happen to the calcium level in transfusion reactions

A

hypocalcaemia

31
Q

which antibody can cause particular problems with transfusion reactions

A

IgA

32
Q

what is Kleinfelters syndrome

A

47 XXY

primary features are sterility and small testicles

33
Q

what is Kallmans syndrome

A

a genetic disorder preventing patient from starting and completing puberty
hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
poorly defined secondary sexual characteristics, hypogonadism, infertile and increased risk of osteoporosis and decreased smell

34
Q

what is the antagonist of Benzodiazepines

A

Flumazenil-benzos are fairly safe in overdose and unlikely to cause resp depression

35
Q

what are some of the side effects of benzodiazepines

A

paradoxical aggression

anterograde amnesia and impaired coordination (esp Rohypnol)

36
Q

how do benzos help anxiety

A 
they decrease anxiety and aggression 
hypnosis/sedation 
muscle relaxation 
anticonvulsant effect
anterograde amnesia
37
Q

what does GABA cause

A

hyperpolarisation of cells

38
Q

are benzos GABA agonists or antagonists

A

agonists

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