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1
Q

What are the 6 causes of cell injury

A 
Hypoxia
Toxins
Trauma
Microorganisms
Immune mech (reacting to self antigens)
Nutritional imbalance (obesity / diabetes)
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2
Q

What are the 4 reversible changes of cell injury? (General)

A
  1. Reduced ox phosp
  2. Reduced ATP
  3. Swollen cell bc reduced ATP causes Na to accum in cell
  4. Reduced prot synthesis bc of ribosome detachment
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3
Q

What are the irreversible changes of cell injury? (General)

A
  1. Cytosolic Ca accum

2. Cell death bc several enzymes activated

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4
Q

What are the 5 reversible changes of cell injury? (Structural)

A
  1. Swelling
  2. Chromatin clumping
  3. Autophagy
  4. Ribosome detachment
  5. Blebs
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5
Q

What are the 4 irreversible changes of cell injury? (Structural)

A
  1. Nuclear changes
  2. Lysosome rupture
  3. ER lysis
  4. Memb defects
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6
Q

What are Heat Shock Proteins?

A

Proteins that protect cell from injury
Not just heat but any injury

Recognise incorrectly folded protein ➡️ repair it
If can’t repair it ➡️ protein degen

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7
Q

What happens to the cell size in Oncosis?

A

Swells

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8
Q

What happens in Oncosis?

A

Hypoxia

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9
Q

What happens to the nucleus in Oncosis?

A

Karyolysis

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10
Q

What happens to the cell size in Apoptosis?

A

Shrinks

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11
Q

What happens in Apoptosis?

A

Cell activates enzymes that degrade own nucleus, DNA, and proteins

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12
Q

What are 3 examples of Physiological Apoptosis?

A
  1. X webbing of hands in fetal dev.
  2. Endometrium shedding @ menstruation
  3. Death of cells that have served function e.g neut
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13
Q

What are 2 examples of Pathological Apoptosis?

A
  1. AI conditions

2. AIDS

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14
Q

What 6 things induce Apoptosis?

A
  1. GF withdrawal
  2. No matrix
  3. Glucocorticoids
  4. Viruses
  5. Free radicals
  6. Ionising radiation
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15
Q

What 3 things inhibit Apoptosis?

A
  1. GF
  2. ECM
  3. Sex steroids
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16
Q

What caspase is activated in both Apoptosis pathways?

A

Caspase 3

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17
Q

What does caspase 3 activation cause in apoptosis?

A

Prot cleaved ➡️ chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, blebbing

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18
Q

What happens in the Extrinsic Apoptosis Pathway?

A

Ligand activates external death receptor

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19
Q

What happens in the Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway?

A

GF / Hormones withdrawal
Molecules released from Mt
Phagocytosis

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20
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Morphological changes after cell death

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21
Q

What happens in Coagulative Necrosis?

A

Protein denaturation > enzyme release

Cell architecture preserved ➡️ ghost outline left

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22
Q

What causes Coagulative Necrosis?

A

Infarcts

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23
Q

What happens in Liquefactive Necrosis?

A

Enzyme release > Protein denat

Tissue lysed ➡️ disappears

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24
Q

What causes Liquefactive Necrosis?

A

Infection

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25
What is Caseous Necrosis?
Amorphous tissues (no defined shape) Halfway between Coag n Liq Caseous Nec in lungs is TB
26
What is Fat Necrosis?
Adipose tissue cell death
27
What is Gangrene?
Grossly visible necrosis
28
What is Dry Gangrene?
Coag
29
What is Wet Gangrene?
Liq | Infection ➡️ Neut ➡️ Proteolytic enzymes
30
What is a white infarct? (+where?)
End artery blockage ➡️ no blood in area Kidney
31
What is a red infarct? (+where?)
Blood vessel blockage ➡️ blood build up ➡️ haemorrhage ➡️ increased pressure ➡️ reduced blood flow ➡️ ischaemia + infarct Bowel
32
Does Necrosis happen to a group of cells or just single cells?
Group
33
What happens to cell size in Necrosis?
Swells
34
What happens to the plasma memb in Necrosis?
Lysis
35
What happens to the cellular contents in Necrosis?
Enzyme digestion
36
Is there adjacent inflamm in Necrosis?
Yes
37
Does Apoptosis happen to a group of cells or just single cells?
Single cells
38
What happens to cell size in apoptosis?
Shrinks
39
What happens to the plasma memb in apoptosis?
Altered structure
40
What happens to the cellular contents in apoptosis?
Released in apoptotic bodies
41
Is there adjacent inflamm in apoptosis?
No
42
What 3 molecules are releases as a result of Cell Death / Injury?
K Enzymes Myoglobin
43
Whats the role of p53 in apoptosis?
It induces apoptosis @ DNA damage
44
What 3 molecules make up the apoptosome?
1. Cytochome C 2. APAF1 3. Caspase 9
45
Whats the role of Bcl2 in apoptosis?
Prevents apoptosis by preventing cytochome C release from Mt
46
What are caspases?
Effector molecules of apoptosis
47
What happens when there is abn water accum in cells?
Cells enlarged Cellular distress If brain swells, vessels squeezed against skull ➡️ reduced brain blood flow
48
What is steatosis?
Abn triglyceride accum in liver
49
What causes steatosis?
Alcohol / diabetes
50
What can steatosis cause?
Big greasy liver
51
What happens when there is an abn cholesterol accum in cells?
Chol is insoluble and only removed thru liver Excess chol stored in memb bound droplets These droplets accum in SMC / MAC ➡️ Foam Cells
52
Where does abn phospholipid accum come from?
Disrupted cell memb
53
What does abn accum of phospholipids in cells cause?
Myelin figures in cell / tissue spaces
54
What is Mallorys Hyaline?
Accum of damaged protein in hepatocytes | Accum of altered keratin filaments
55
What causes Mallorys Hyaline
Alcohol liver disease
56
What is alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency?
Liver prod incorrectly folded alpha1-antitrypsin This isn’t packages by ER so accum in liver Deficiency causes increase in lung proteases This causes emphysema (lung tissue broken down)
57
What happens when there is abn pigment accum in cells?
Discolour lung tissue Can cause emphysema (lung tissue broken down) E.g of exogenous pigments: C / soot
58
What is Pathological Calcification and what are the 2 types?
Abn deposition of Ca in tissues 1. Dystrophic (more common) (occurs in DYing tissue) 2. Metastatic (body wide disturbance) (asymptomatic but can be lethal)
59
What is replicative senescence?
When cells lose the ability to replicate due to cellular ageing
60
How do cells reach replicative senescence?
End of cells called telomeres | @ every replication telomere shortened until it reaches critical length ➡️ X divide
61
What are 3 effects on the liver from chronic excessive alcohol intake?
1. Fatty change 2. Acute alcohol hepatitis 3. Cirrhosis
62
Describe fatty change in the liver
Steatosis | Asymptomatic
63
What causes Acute Alcohol Hepatitis?
Binge drinking
64
What are the symptoms of Acute Alcohol Hepatitis?
Fever / Liver tenderness / Jaundice
65
What happens in the liver @ Acute Alcohol Hepatitis?
Necrosis ➡️ Mallorys Hyaline formation
66
Is Acute Alcohol Hepatitis reversible?
Yes
67
What happens in Cirrhosis?
Shrunken hard liver Irreversible + Fatal
68
What is the histology of cirrhosis?
Micronodules of regen hepatocytes surrounded by bands of collagen

MOD (9 decks)

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