5 Flashcards

(35 cards)

1
Q

Define haemostasis

A

Bodys response to stop bleeding and blood loss

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2
Q

What are the 3 factors of haemostasis?

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Platelets
  3. Coagulation
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3
Q

What is the role of blood vessels in haemostasis?

A

Constrict to reduce blood loss

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4
Q

What is the role of platelets in haemostasis?

A

Adhere to damaged vessels and each other

Form platelet plug

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5
Q

Draw out the clotting cascade

A
Instrinsic 11 - 9 - 10
Extrinsic 3 - 7 -10
Prothrombin - (10) - Thrombin
Fibrinogen - (Thrombin) - Fibrin
8 - (Thrombin) - 8 activated --> cross link fibrin
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6
Q

Which factors is thrombin a +ve feedback for?

A

5, 8, 11

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7
Q

What are 4 thrombin inhibitors?

A
  1. Antithrombin III
  2. Apha1-antitrypsin
  3. Alpha2-macroglobin
  4. Protein C/S
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8
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Fibrin breakdown by plasmin

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9
Q

How is plasmin formed?

A

Plasminogen - (Streptokinase) - Plasmin

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10
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Formation of a solid mass of blood within circ system

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11
Q

What is Virchows Triad?

A

Factors that contribute to thrombosis

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12
Q

Name the 3 factors in Virchows Triad

A
  1. Change in blood flow (turbulence)
  2. Change in blood components
  3. Change in vessel wall (atheroma)
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13
Q

What are the effects of thrombosis on arteries?

A
  1. Ischaemia

2. Infarction

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14
Q

What are the effects of thrombosis on veins?

A
  1. Ischaemia
  2. Infarction
  3. Congestion
  4. Oedema
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15
Q

What are the 5 outcomes of thrombosis?

A
  1. Lysis (thrombus broken down by fibrinolytic system, blood flow reestablished)
  2. Propagation (thrombus spreads)
  3. Organisation (Repair process w. fibroblasts n cap)
  4. Recanalisation (blood flow reestablished)
  5. Embolism
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16
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Blockage of blood vessel by solid/liquid/gas @ site distant from origin

17
Q

What are the 4 regions of thromboembolisms?

A
  1. From systemic veins –> gets stuck in lung vessels
  2. From atheromatous carotid art –> brain (stroke)
  3. From atheromatous abd aorta –> leg arteries
  4. DVT
18
Q

What are the causes of DVT?

A

Pregnant women chugging OC abt to board a plane

19
Q

What are the treatments for DVT?

A
  1. IV Heparin (anticoag) (cofactor for antithrombin III)

2. Oral Warfarin (slow) (x vit K dependent clotting factor synth)

20
Q

What is a Massive Pulm Embolism?

A

60% reduce in blood flow

Rapidly fatal

21
Q

What is a Major Pulm Embolism?

A

Medium sized vessels blocked

SOB / cough / bloody sputum

22
Q

What is a Minor Pulm Embolism?

A

Small peripheral pulm arteries blocked

23
Q

What can recurrent Pulm Embolisms cause?

A

Pulm hypertension

24
Q

What is DIC?

A

Disseminated IV Coag
Inapprop activation of clotting cascade –> uses up clotting factors
When you acc need clotting factors you dont have so you bleed

25
What triggers DIC?
Infection Trauma Liver disease Obstetric complication
26
What is the inheritance pattern for haemophilia?
``` X linked (more in boys) Nonsense mutation ```
27
What is Type A Haemophilia?
Factor 8 Defic
28
What is Type B Haemophilia?
Factor 4 Defic
29
What is haemophilia?
Inability to clot, so you bleed out or into joints / brain
30
What happens if a muscle bleed in haemophilia?
Nerve necrosis
31
What is the treatment for haemophilia?
Factor replacement therpy
32
What is the name for low platelet count?
Thrombocytopenia
33
What are the 3 causes of thrombocytopenia?
1. Platelet prod failure 2. Platelet destruction 3. Platelet sequestering (removal)
34
What can accompany thrombocytopenia?
Bone marrow malfunctions e.g leukaemia
35
What is thrombophilia?
Hypercoag --> increased risk of thrombosis