1 and 2. CNS anatomy I

Question 1

True or false: A longitudinal band of endoderm thickens to form the neural plate

Answer 1

False - it is the ectoderm which does this

Question 2

True or false: Neural crest cells form peripheral neural structures such as adrenal medulla cells

Answer 2

true

Question 3

which end does the neural tube fuse first?

Answer 3

rostral (head) end

Question 4

Protrusion of the meninges and the brain tissue through the skull, due to incomplete closure of the neural tube is known as..?

Answer 4

Meningo-encephalocele

Question 5

which of the following is not a primary brain vesicle?

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
mylencephalon
rhombencephalon

Answer 5

mylencephalon

Question 6

from which primary brain vesicle does the cerebellum arise?

Answer 6

rhombencephalon

Question 7

which of the following arises from the metencephalon?

pons
basal ganglia 
dorsal thalamus 
brainstem 
cerebral hemisphere

Answer 7

pons

Question 8

what is the innermost meningeal layer?

Answer 8

pia mater

Question 9

The CSF is produced in the choroid plexus of what ventricle?

Answer 9

Lateral ventricle

Question 10

True or false- the lateral ventricles communicate directly with each other and the third ventricle?

Answer 10

false

Question 11

which artery supplies the temporal lobe?

Answer 11

middle cerebral artery

Question 12

how many arteries supply the brain? what are they?

Answer 12

2

internal carotid & vertebral

Question 13

in which way does differentiation occur?

Answer 13

dorsal to ventral (back to front)

Question 14

3 germ cell layers

Answer 14

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 15

what organs does the ectoderm form?

Answer 15

skin and nervous system

Question 16

what organs does the mesoderm form?

Answer 16

muscle, CT, skeleton

Question 17

what organs does the endoderm form?

Answer 17

digestive/respiratory tubes

Question 18

what produces signalling chemicals which cause the differentiation of the ectoderm?

Answer 18

notochord

Question 19

what ectoderm is formed by the signalling chemicals?

Answer 19

neuroectoderm

Question 20

which two signalling chemicals form skin?

Answer 20

retinoic acid and Shh

Question 21

which two signalling chemicals form neural tissue?

Answer 21

BMP - bone morphogenic proteins - noggin and chordin

Question 22

when the neural tube is being fused, which part fuses first?

Answer 22

top - rostral

Question 23

in terms of signalling molecules, how is skin formed?

Answer 23

BMPs are switched off

Question 24

3 clinical implications which cause alterations of neural tube closure?

Answer 24

1. spina bifida
2. vit a deficiency
3. folic acid deficiency

Question 25

what is spina bifida?

Answer 25

incomplete closure of the neural tube

Question 26

what is anencephaly?

Answer 26

being headless

Question 27

what is holoprosencephaly?

Answer 27

where right and left hemispheres of the brain dont form

Question 28

define meningocele

Answer 28

meninges protruding into skull

Question 29

define meninogoencephalocele

Answer 29

meninges + brain tissue protruding the skull

Question 30

meningohydroencephalocele

Answer 30

meninges + brain tissue + CSF/ventral system protruding the skull

Question 31

why is vit A deficiency/excess a problem in terms of neural tube formation?

Answer 31

The RA concentration differs - which causes the differentiation of different tissues. If there is excess/deficiency it can disrupt the gradient concentration.

Question 32

when is folic acid taken and what for?

Answer 32

pregnancy - prevent dystrophic defects to neural tube

Question 33

Neural crest cells break off from the neural tube and travel around the body. What do they join to which determines their future?

Answer 33

chemical stimulators or chemical inhibitors

Question 34

what 4 types of cell do neural crest cells become?

Answer 34

1. sensory ganglia 2. autonomic ganglia 3. dorsal kidney - adrenal medulla cells 4. non-neural cells (melanocytes)

Question 35

4 primary vesicles

Answer 35

1. prosencephalon 2. mesencephalon 3. rhombencephalon 4. spinal cord

Question 36

name the embryonic brain parts for each of the 4 primary vesicles

Answer 36

``` pros - telencephalon - diencephalon mesencephalon rhomb - metencephalon - myeloncephalon spinal cord ```

Question 37

what adult brain derivatives are formed by the telencephalon? (5)

Answer 37

1. cerebral cortex 2. basal ganglia 3. hippocampus 4. olfactory bulb 5. basal forebrain

Question 38

what adult brain derivatives are formed by the diencephalon? (2)

Answer 38

dorsal thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 39

what adult brain derivatives are formed by the metencephalon?

Answer 39

cerebellum and pons

Question 40

what adult brain derivatives are formed by the myelencephalon?

Answer 40

medulla

Question 41

what cerebral spaces are associated with the following; 1. telencephalon 2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon 4. rhombencephalon 5. spinal cord

Answer 41

1. lateral ventricle 2. third ventricle 3. cerebral aqueduct 4. 4th ventricle 5. central canal

Question 42

4 things which make up forebrain

Answer 42

1. cerebral cortex 2. thalamus 3. hypothalamus 4. cortical white matter

Question 43

which embryonic derivative makes up the forebrain?

Answer 43

telencephalon

Question 44

what does the tectum form in the midbrain?

Answer 44

superior and inferior colliculi

Question 45

what does the tegmentum form in the midbrain?

Answer 45

substantia nigra and red nucleus

Question 46

what is lost in parkinson's disease

Answer 46

substantia nigra

Question 47

what flows in the cerebral aqueduct?

Answer 47

CSF

Question 48

what moves up to form the cerebellum?

Answer 48

rhombic lips

Question 49

what lies between the pons and cerebellum?

Answer 49

4th ventricle

Question 50

which part of the brain contains sensory and motor nuclei?

Answer 50

medulla

Question 51

what part of the spinal cord is motor and which is sensory?

Answer 51

motor - ventral | sensory - dorsal

Question 52

3 cranial meninges (inner to outer)

Answer 52

1. pia mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. dura mater

Question 53

which cranial meninge has a membrane which dips to form the sagittal sinus?

Answer 53

dura mater

Question 54

describe composition of each of the cranial meninges

Answer 54

``` dura = tough fibrous loose membrane arachnoid = soft loose membrane pia = thin ```

Question 55

where can brain bleeds occur? what are they?

Answer 55

CSF - leaking into gaps between the cranial meninges

Question 56

where is CSF produced - specifically?

Answer 56

chloroid plexus of lateral ventricles

Question 57

what is hydrocephalus

Answer 57

when the ventricular system becomes blocked and CSF builds up - causing it to build up in the sagittal sinus - where it can enter the blood stream

Question 58

state the CSF flow

Answer 58

1. lateral ventricle 2. third ventricle 3. aqueduct 4. 4th ventricle 4. around cerebellum / spinal cord

Question 59

what is meningitis ?

Answer 59

inflammation of meninges

Question 60

what type of meningitis is fatal?

Answer 60

bacterial

Question 61

what causes meningitis?

Answer 61

a chemical reaction where a foreign substance enters the CSF to cause inflammation

Question 62

what is a haematoma

Answer 62

clotted blood

Question 63

a haematoma can occur in 4 places in the brain - what are they? and where?

Answer 63

1. intracerebral - inside brain 2. subarachnoid - between arachnoid and pia mater 3. subdural - between dura and arachnoid mater 4. extradural - between dura mater and skull

Question 64

what is shaken baby syndrome ? where does it occur?

Answer 64

shaking a baby causing damage to blood vessels - subdural

Question 65

what is hydrocephalus?

Answer 65

increased fluid pressure due to obstruction of CSF

Question 66

treatment for hydrocephalus

Answer 66

drainage

Question 67

2 main blood vessels supplying the brain

Answer 67

1. common carotid | 2. vertebral

Question 68

2 branches of common carotid - what do each of them supply

Answer 68

``` external = skull internal = brain ```

Question 69

3 branches of internal carotid

Answer 69

1. posterior communicating artery 2. middle cerebral artery 3 . anterior cerebral artery

Question 70

what artery connects the right and left anterior cerebral arteries?

Answer 70

anterior communicating artery

Question 71

2 branches of vertebral artery

Answer 71

1. posterior inferior cerebellar artery | 2. basilar artery

Question 72

3 branches of basilar artery

Answer 72

1. ant inf cerebellar artery 2. superior cerebellar artery 3. posterior cerebral artery

Question 73

name of structure which allows dual circulation to the brain

Answer 73

circle of willis

Question 74

3 arteries which make up circle of willis

Answer 74

1. basilar artery 2. posterior cerebral artery 3. anterior communicating artery

Question 75

which artery supplies the visual cortex and inferior temporal lobe

Answer 75

posterior cerebral artery

Question 76

which 2 arteries supply anterior brain

Answer 76

middle cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery

Question 77

3 veins draining brain

Answer 77

1. superficial 2. deep 3. dural venous sinuses

Question 78

what does the superficial vein drain?

Answer 78

subarachnoid space

Question 79

what does the deep vein drain?

Answer 79

internal structures

Question 80

where does the deep vein drain into

Answer 80

great cerebral vein

Question 81

what does the dural venous vein drain?

Answer 81

channels between 2 layers of dura mater - superior and inferior sagitall sinuses

Question 82

where do all veins meet

Answer 82

confluence of the sinuses

Question 83

describe venous flow from the confluence of sinuses

Answer 83

transverse + sigmoid sinus jugular vein vena cava

Question 84

what can the occlusion/blockage of the cerebral artery cause

Answer 84

infarction/embolism

Question 85

what is cerebral haemorrhage

Answer 85

rupture of blood vessel

Question 86

what is an aneursym

Answer 86

swelling of a blood vessel

Question 87

what is arteriovenous malformation

Answer 87

a congenital abnormality which causes arterial and venous blood to mix

Question 88

what structure arises from the prosencephalon and is sometimes known as the relay centre for motor & ssensory info?

Answer 88

thalamus

Question 89

In which structyre would you find superoir and inferior colliculi?

Answer 89

midbrain

Question 90

In which brain structure would u find substantia nigra?

Answer 90

midbrain

Question 91

which of the cerebellar peduncles is the largest and mainly incoming?

Answer 91

middle

Question 92

true or false - Large cell bodies of descending motor neurones lie in the ventral horn of the spinal cord?

Answer 92

true