Lower limb Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
3 Function of lower limb
A
locomotion, supporting body weight, balance
2
Q
2 parts of the lower limb
A
- trunk
2. free LL segments
3
Q
3 parts of trunk segment
A
- half of pelvic girdle
- gluteal and inguinal regions
- hip joint
4
Q
3 parts of LL - give both names
A
- thigh (femoris)
- leg (Crus)
- Foot (pes)
5
Q
term for leg
A
crural
6
Q
term for top of foot
A
Dorsum
7
Q
Term for hip area
A
coxal
8
Q
hollow posterior knee
A
popliteal
9
Q
term for calf
A
sural
10
Q
sole of foot
A
plantar
11
Q
back of hand
A
dorsum
12
Q
function of deep fascia of LL
A
increases efficiency of vein compression
13
Q
what is the fascia lata?
A
deep fascia of the thigh
14
Q
what holds together the fascia lata laterally?
A
iliotibial tract
15
Q
the fascia lata is formed by the conjoint aponeuroses of which 2 muscles?
A
- tensor fascia lata
2. gluteus maximus
16
Q
name of opening in fascia lata
A
saphenous opening
17
Q
what does the fascia lata continue as as it travels inferior to knee?
A
Crural fascia - deep fascia of the leg
18
Q
where does the iliotibial tract run to and from?
A
iliac tubercle to anterolateral tibial tubercle
19
Q
another name for anterolateral tibial tubercle?
A
gerdy’s tubercle
20
Q
which margins does the falciform ligament cover on the saphenous opening?
A
superior, lateral and medial
21
Q
what forms the medial margin of the saphenous opening?
A
cribiform fascia
22
Q
describe the cribiform fascia; what does it allow passage of?
A
covers saphenous opening - allows passage of greater saphenous vein
23
Q
what is dorsiflexion?
A
pointing toes up
24
Q
term for moving toes down
A
plantar flexion
25
what is flexion of knee
bending knee backwards
26
3 compartments of fascia lata
anterior, posterior, medial
27
3 intermuscular septa of fascia
anterior, lateral, medial
28
movement of muscles in anterior compartment - fascia lata
- flex hip
| - extend knee (quads)
29
movement of muscles in posterior compartment - fascia lata
- extend hip
| - flex knee (hamstrings)
30
movement of muscles in medial compartment - fascia lata
adduct, flex and extend hip
31
what is supination of foot?
tilting foot on little toe
32
what is pronation of the foot/
titlting foot on big toe
33
3 compartments of crural fascia
anterior, posterior, lateral
34
3 septa of crural fasci
anterior, posterior, transverse
35
where does the transverse septum travel in the crural fascia
from the lateral side, between deep and sup posterior compartmetn to the tibia
36
movement of muscles in anterior compartment - crural fascia
- dorsiflexion of foot
| - supination of foot
37
movement of muscles in lateral compartment - crural fascia
- plantar flexion of foot
| - pronation of foot
38
movement of muscles in posterior compartment - crural fascia
- knee flexion
- plantar flexion of foot
- pronation of foot
39
5 type of joints in LL
1. pelvic girdle
2. hip joints
3. knee joints
4. tibiofibular joint
5. ankle joint
40
3 bones which make up pelvic girdle
1. coccyx
2. innominate
3. sacrum
41
3 functions of pelvic girdle
1. protect viscera
2. allow attachment to LL
3. stabilises back
42
how many joints in pelvis girdle?
4
43
what are the 4 joints of the pelvic girdle?
1. sacroiliac
2. sacrococcygeal symphysis
3. pubic symphysis
4. lumbosacral junction
44
what 2 bones does the lumbosacrol junction join?
1. 5th lumbar vertebrae
| 2. sacrum
45
which 2 bones in the pelvic girdle are non-synvoial? what are the differences between the 2?
1. public symphysis - immobile
| 2. sacrococcygeal symphysis - mobile
46
which bone in the pelvic girdle is synvoial?
sacroiliac
47
name pelvic ligament that travels up and down spinal column
ant and post longitudinal
48
name pelvic ligament that extends from sacrum to coccyx
ant and post sacrococcygeal
49
name pelvic ligament that extends from ilium to L4 and L5
iliolumbar
50
name pelvic ligament that extends from sacrum to iliac
sacroiliac
51
name pelvic ligament that extends from the tuberosities of the sacrum and the ilium
interosseous sacroiliac
52
name pelvic ligament that extends between the 2 pubic bones
sup and inf pubic
53
name pelvic ligament that extends from ASIS to pubic tubercle
inguinal
54
name pelvic ligament that lies posterior sacrum
sacrotuberous
55
name pelvic ligament that extends from the lateral sacrum and coccyx to the ishcial spine
sacrospinous
56
which ligmanet creates sciatic foramen
sacrotuberous
57
function of sacrotuberous
divides sciatic foramen transversely into greater and lesser
58
where is the hip joint?
between femoral head and acetabalum
59
what deepends the hip joint further?
acetabular labrum
60
2 types of hip ligament?
intracapsular and extracapsular
61
non cartilaginous part of acetabular labrum
transverse acetabular
62
fold over the weak ligament of head of femur
synovial fold
63
what does the synovial fold allow access to the head of the femur?
obturator artery
64
2 intracapsular hip joint ligaments
1. transverse acetabalur
| 2. weak ligament of the head of femur
65
3 extracapsular hip joint ligaments
1. ant and sup iliofemoral
2. ant and inf pubofemoral
3. ischiofemoral
66
where does the transverse acetabular span?
acetabular notch
67
where does the weak ligament of the femur span?
narrow edge - fovea of femur
| wide - acetabular notch
68
what is the strongest ligament in the body? where is it?
ant and sup iliofemoral - hip joint
69
function of pubofemoral ligament
prevents over abduction
70
why are hip/femur fractures common in females >60
weak femur head due to osteoporosis
71
2 causes of femur fracture
1. trauma
| 2. osteoarthritis
72
what is a congential hip dislocation
when the femur head has been pushed out of the socket
73
what does superior dislocation of the femur head inhibit?
abduction of hip
74
name for condition where hip drops during walking
positive Trendelenburg sign
75
treatment for congential hip dislocation
pavlik harness
76
what else can cause positive Trendelenburg sign
Superior gluteal nerve injury
77
which types of acquired hip dislocations can occur
posterior and anterior
78
what else can be injured in a posterior acquired hip doislocation?
sciatic nerve injury
79
where is the subinguinal space?
deep to inguinal ligament
| superficial to pubic bone
80
2 compartments of subinguinal space
1. lateral muscular
| 2. medial vascular
81
margins of lateral muscular sub-I space
inguinal ligament
ASIS
iliopectineal arch
82
what is the iliopectineal arch a thickening of?
iliopsoas fascia
83
margins of medial vascular sub-I space
inguinal ligament
iliopectineal arch
lacunar ligament
84
what is the medial vascular sub-I space lined by
femoral sheath
85
compartments of medial vascular sub-I space- how are they separated?
lateral, central, medial
| septa of femoral sheath
86
what is the opening of the femoral canal called?
femoral ring
87
what does the lateral muscular sub-I space contain? 3
iliopsoas
fem nerve
lateral fem cutaneous nerve
88
what is iliopsoas made out of
iliacus and psoas major
89
in which compartment is the fem vein?
medial compartment of medial vascular sub-I space
90
what is contained in the lateral compartment of the medial vascular sub-I space
fem artery
91
what is contained in the medial compartment of the medial vascular sub-I space
femoral canal
92
what does the femoral triangle contain?
1. fem nerve and branches
| 2. fem sheath and contents
93
margins of femoral triangle
inguinal canal
sartorius
adductus longus
94
where does the adductor canal lie?
apex of femoral triangle
95
function of adductor canal
allows fem A+V to travel inferiorly to become popliteal A+V
96
what is a femoral hernia?
when tissue pokes through the saphenous opening
97
which anterior rami make up lumbar plexus?
L1-L4
98
name 7 nerves in lumbar plexus
1. iliohypogastric
2. ilioinguinal
3. Genitofemoral
4. lateral femoral cutaneous
5. femoral
6. Obturator
7. lumbosacral trunk
99
Origination of iliohypgastric nerve
posterior L1
100
Origination of ilioinguinal nerve
posterior L1
101
Origination of genitofemoral nerve
anterior L1
102
Origination of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
posterior L2 and L3
103
Origination of femoral nerve
Posterior L2-4
104
Origination of obturator nerve
Anterior L1, L3 L4
105
Origination of lumbosacral trunk
L5
106
which nerve supplies muscles of anterior compartment of thigh
Femoral
107
which nerve supplies muscles of medial compartment of thigh - except which muscle?
obturator
| except hamstrings of adductor magnus
108
8 nerves of the sacral plexus
1. sup gluteus
2. inf gluteus
3. N to piriformis
4. N to quadratus femoris
5. N to obturator internus
6. pundendal
7. smaller cutaneous nerce
8. coccygeal
109
what 2 muscles do superior gluteus supply?
Glut medius and maximus
110
what muscle does inferior gluteal supply?
glut maximus
