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SSM > 3 and 4. CNS Anatomy II > Flashcards

3 and 4. CNS Anatomy II Flashcards

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1
Q

4 subdivisions of thalamus - function/other name

A
  1. dorsal thalamus - relay centre
  2. ventral subthalamus - basal ganglia
  3. epithalamus- pineal gland
  4. hypothalamus
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2
Q

3 types of nuclei of thalamus

A
  1. lateral
  2. anterior
  3. medial
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3
Q

what do the medial nuclei link to?

A

hypothalamus

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4
Q

which thalamic nuclei are part of the limbic system?

A

anterior

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5
Q

which thalamic nuclei are known as the geniculate nuclei?

A

lateral

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6
Q

2 subtypes of geniculate nuclei of the thalamus + their functions

A
  1. lateral = vision

2. medial = hearing

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7
Q

which nuclei of the thalamus are for emotion only? which are for mood and emotion?

A 
emotion = anterior 
both = medial
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8
Q

which part of the brain controls homeostasis?

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

where is the hippocampus located?

A

in medial temporal lobe - behind amygdala

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10
Q

function of hippocampus?

A

memory

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11
Q

how is info sent from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus?

A

fornix

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12
Q

difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?

A 
retrograde = can recall new memories and not long term memories 
anterograde = new memories cannot be formed
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13
Q

where is the cell damage in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

hippocampus

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14
Q

which syndrome causes cell damage to the hippocampus and is related to alcoholism and thymine deficiency?

A

KorsaKoff’s syndrome

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15
Q

function of amygdala?

A

Fear and aggression

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16
Q

Which structure connects the 2 stalks of the brain hemispheres?

A

midbrain

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17
Q

what sections are created by the midbrain - where are they?

A

tectum - dorsal brain

tegmentum - ventral

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18
Q

2 parts of the tectum - function

A
  1. superior colliculi = visual

2. inferior colliculi = auditory

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19
Q

4 parts of tegmentum and fucntion

A
  1. substantia nigra = movement
  2. red nucleus = movement
  3. periaqueaductal gray = pain regulatio
  4. cerebral peduncles
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20
Q

what does the pons connect?

A

the cerebral hemisphres to the cerebellum

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21
Q

3 functions of pons

A
  1. respiration = reticular formarion
  2. adrenergic system = locus coeruleus
  3. postural control
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22
Q

name of tracts in medulla oblongata

A

corticospinal tracts

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23
Q

what do the corticospinal tracts contsin

A

medullary pyramids

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24
Q

function of medualla

A

send info from cerebrum to spinal cord

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25
function of cochlear nuclei
auditory
26
function of gustatory nulcei
taste
27
function of somatosensory nuclei
sensation
28
what do the raphe nuclei contain
serotonin nuclei
29
where are peduncles
cerebellum
30
what are penducles?
bundles of white matter which connect cerebellum to midbrain and brainstem
31
3 types of peducles?
1. superior 2. middle 3. inferior
32
where do axons extend to in superior peduncle
cerebellum to red nuclei (midbrain) and thalamic nuclei
33
where do axons extend to in middle peduncle
pontine nuclei to cerebellum
34
what is the cerebellar cortex?
superficial layer of cerebellum
35
what is cerebellar ataxia?
damage to cerebellar which causes the lost ability for the brain to make comparisons between intended movement and actual movement
36
3 main regions of cerebellum
1. cerebro 2. spino 3. vestibulo
37
which region of the cerebellum is responisble for the regulation of highly skilled movements
cerebro
38
function of vestibulo-cerebellum
regulation of movements for posture and q
39
4 sections of spinal cord (superior to inferior)
1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral
40
which part of the spinal cord contains motor neurones , and which for sensory?
``` motor = ventral sensory = dorsal ```
41
where are sulci an gyri located?
cerebral cortex
42
what 2 things separate each hemisphere?
longitudinal fissure and sagittal sulcus
43
what does the central sulcus separate?
frontal and parietal lobes
44
what separates the temporal lobe from the rest of brain?
lateral fissure
45
4 lobes of brain
1. frontal 2. temporal 3. parietal 4. occipital
46
how does cytoarchitecture separate areas of the brain?
histologically
47
how many layers of cells does the neocortex have?
6
48
how many layers of cells does the hippocampus have?
3-4
49
which layer is wider in areas which recieve sensory info?
lamina IV (4)
50
which layer is wider in areas which recieve motor info?
lamina V (5)
51
where are pyramidal cells located?
layers 3,5, 6
52
what shape are stellate cells and where are they?
star shaped | layer 4
53
number of cell layers in hippocampus - what are the names?
3 1. granular 2. polymorphic 3. pyramidal
54
number of cell layers in cerebellum - what are the names?
4 1. molecular 2. purkinje 3. granule 4. white matter
55
what cells are contained in the white matter layer?
glial
56
Brodmann area for visual
17, 18
57
Brodmann area for auditory
41, 42
58
Brodmann area for speech - what is this called?
44, 45 (Broca's area)
59
which imaging techniques detect structural changes to the brain?
CT, MRI
60
which imaging techniques detect functional changes to the brain?
PET, fMRI
61
give 3 examples of structural changes to the brain
1. tumours 2. brain shrinkage 3. swelling
62
give 2 examples of functional changes to the brain
1. brain metabolism | 2, blood flow
63
what is the association cortex?
majority of brain which is used to integrate info from different parts of the brain - cognition
64
areas of the brain responsible for input into the association cortex?
1. primary and secondary sensory and motor cortex 2. thalamus 3. brainstem
65
areas of the brain responsible for output into the association cortex? (4)
1. hippocampus 2. basal ganglia 3. cerebellum 4. thalamus
66
which part of brain is responsible for responding to stimuli?
parietal association cortex
67
function of temporal association cortex
recognition of objects and memory
68
what is prosopagnosia?
lesions in temporal association cortex leading to deficiets in recognition
69
function of frontal association cortex?
planningg
70
in the majority of people who are right handed - where is their speech area?
left hemisphere
71
what is aphasia?
damage to Broca's area - inability to produce/comprehend language
72
area and number of Brodmann area which is for understanding language?
Wernicke's - 22
73
lesions affecting i) Brocas ii) Wernicke's cause what?
i) issues in language production | ii) fluent speech that doesnt make sense
74
how are Broca's and Wernicke's area linked in the brain?
Arcutae fasciculus
75
what is agraphia?
inability to write
76
what is anomia?
inability to name things

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