1. BAMS Pharmacology Flashcards
Name 4 drugs used in dentistry and what they are used for
LA - prevent pain
Anxiolytics - reduce anxiety
Antimicrobials - treat and prevent infection
Analgesics - reduce post-treatment pain/sensitivity
Advantage and disadvantage of oral drug administration
What is first pass
When is oral administration not best (3)
What is oral administration affected by (3)
Socially acceptable, slow onset, affected by first-pass
Passes through liver once before entering circulation, alters [drug]
Emesis, absorption irregularities, destruction by gastric acid
GIT disease, lipid solubility, drug formulation
2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of parenteral administration
1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of: IV IM SC TD
No first-pass (so higher availability), predictable plasma levels, more severe allergic reactions, expensive
No-first pass (higher bioavailability), IV access (sore, tricky)
Rapid onset, bleeding
No first-pass (higher bioavailability), increased infection risk
No first-pass (higher bioavailability)
Skin - barrier so only small molecule medications work
What is bioavailability
What 4 things is it modified by
Proportion of ingested drug available for clinical effect
Dosage form, first-pass, poor absorption, destruction in gut
What 2 things is drug distribution affected by
Lipid binding and binding to plasma proteins
What does phase 1 drug metabolism do
3 examples of reactions
What does phase 2 drug metabolism do
Example of reactions
Inactivates drug
Reduction, oxidation, hydrolysis
Prepares drug for removal
Conjugation (sulphonation, methylation)
5 methods of drug excretion
Lungs (gas exchange), renal (urine), liver (bile), sweat, saliva
3 features of first order kinetics (drug clearance)
3 features of zero order kinetics (drug clearance)
T0.5 is constant, elimination is passive, removal is proportional to concentration
Elimination is active, reaction can be saturated, maximum rate of removal is constant regardless of concentration
Effect if drug scheduling is too frequent
Effect if drug scheduling is too infrequent
Toxicity (toxic dose)
No clinical effect
2 functions NSAIDs
How does aspirin work
Reduce inflammatory mediators, inhibit prostaglandin synthesis
Antiplatelet medication - reduces platelet aggregation/adhesion, preventing clot formation
4 ways corticosteroids reduce inflammation
7 side effects of corticosteroids
Inhibit capillary permeability
Inhibit bradykinin formation
Inhibit white blood cell migration
Reduce eicosanoid synthesis
Hypertension, diabetes, weight gain, fat distribution change, osteoporosis, adrenal suppression, gastric ulceration
4 essential dental emergency drugs
4 essential dental emergency pieces of equipment
Adrenaline, glucagon, salbutamol (inhaler), midazolam
Defibrillator, bag valve mask, oxygen cylinder, oropharyngeal airway
