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HL Biology > 1. Cell Biology > Flashcards

1. Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

1.1 What are three exceptions to cell theory?

A

1) Straited Muscle Fibers: multiple nuclei
2) Aseptate Fungal Hyphae: Contineous cells
3) Giant Algae: Very large unicellular organisms

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2
Q

1.1 Cell Theory

A

1) Cells are the basic building blocks of life
2) All living things are made of cells
3) Cells come from pre-existing cells

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3
Q

1.1 Functions of Life MR SHENG

A

Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensitivity
Nutrition
Homeostasis
Excretion
Growth

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4
Q

1.1 Surface Area to Volume Adaptations

A

1) Long extension of the cell membrane (neuron cell)
2) Thin flattened shape (blood cell)
3) Bristle like extensions (white blood cell)

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5
Q

1.1 What are emergent properties?

A

Interactions between individual components produce new functinos

ex: cells for tissue
Organ are multiple tissues
Organ systems from organs

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6
Q

1.1 How to calculate magnification

A

Image size / actual size

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7
Q

1.1 Stem Cell Differentiation

A

Stem cells differentiate based on gene expressions, a group of specific cells is tissue

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8
Q

1.1 Gene packaging active vs a active genes term

A

Active genes are packaged as euchromatic

Inactive genes are condensed as heterochromatin

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9
Q

1.1 Examples of Stem Cell Therapy

A

Stargardt’s Disease
- Caused by gene mutation that impairs vison
- Treated by replacing dead cells in retina

Parkinson’s Disease
- Caused by death of dopamine-screting cells
- Treated by replacement

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10
Q

1.1 How are stem cells derived?

A
  • Embryos
  • Umbillica Cord/Placenta
  • Bone Marrow (not pluripotent)
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11
Q

1.2 What are prokaryotes?

A

Organisms that lack a nucleus

Archaebacteria or Eubacteria

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12
Q

1.2 What is binary fission?

A

The process of asexual reproduction for prokaryotes
- Circular DNA is copied in response to replication signal
- Two DNA loops attach to membrane
- The membrane elongates and pinches off (cytokinesis)

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13
Q

1.2 Properties of Prokaryotes

A
  • Nucleoid
  • Circular and Naked DNA
  • 70s Ribosomes
  • 0.2- 10 um
  • Division by binary fission
  • All unicellular
  • No membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria + chloroplast)
  • All have cell wall
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14
Q

1.2 Properties of Eukaryotes

A
  • Nucleus
  • DNA is linear
    -80s Ribosomes
  • 10-100 um
  • Unicellular or multi
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Binary fission, mitosis, meiosis
  • Cell walls with cellulose or chitin (plants or fungi)
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15
Q

1.2 Make a diagram of Prokaryote

A
  • Cell Membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Nucleoid
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
    *Plasmid
    *Pilli
    *Flagellum
    *Capsule
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16
Q

1.2 Draw an Animal Cell

A

(plasma) membrane – single line surrounding cytoplasm;
nucleus – with a double membrane and pore(s) shown;
mitochondria(ion) – with a double membrane, the inner one folded into internal
projections, shown no larger than half the nucleus;
rough endoplasmic reticulum – multi-folded membrane with dots/small circles on surface;
Golgi apparatus – shown as a series of enclosed sacs with evidence of vesicle formation;
ribosomes – dots/small circles in cytoplasm/ribosomes on rER;
lysosome;

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17
Q

1.2 Ribosomes

A

Two subunites made of RNA and protien, larger in Eukaryotes (80s) than Prokaryotes (70S)
- Site of polypeptide syntethesis

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18
Q

1.2 Cytoskeleton

A

Filament scaffolding within cytoplasm (fluid is called cytosol)
- provides interna structure and mediates intracellular transport

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19
Q

1.2 Nucleus

A

Ek only
Double membrane with pores contain inner region called nucleous
- store DNA as chromatin, nucleolus is site of ribosome assmebly

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20
Q

1.2 Endoplasmic Reticulum

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A

Ek only
Membrane network that may be smooth or studded with ribosomes (rER)
- r makes protiens
- s makes lipids and carbs

Smooth: lipids, rER: protiens

21
Q

1.2 Golgi Apparatus

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A

Ek only
Vesicles and folded membranes near cell membrane
- Involved in soring, sorting, modification and export of secretory products

22
Q

1.2 Mitochondria

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A

Ek only
Double membrane with internal membrane folded into cristae
- Site of aerobic respiration

23
Q

1.2 Peroxisome

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A

Ek only
Sac containing catabolic enzymes
- Breaks down toxic substances

24
Q

1.2 Centriole

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A

animals only
Microtuble organizing centre
- radiating microtubles to form spindle fibers and contribute to cell division

25
1.2 Lysosome
Animals only Membrane saces filled with hydrolytic enzums - Break down of macromolecules
26
1.2 Chloroplast
Plant cells only Double membrane with stacks of thylakoids - Site of photosynthesis
27
1.2 Cell Wall
Plants only + prokaryotes - External covering made of cellulose - - provides support and prevents excess water uptake
28
1.2 Vacuoles
Plant, occasionally small + temp in animals Fluid filled internal cavity -Maintains hydrostatic pressure
29
1.2 Plasma membrane
Phospholipid bilayer - Semi-permeable and selective barrier surronding cell
30
1.2 Plant vs Animal Cell
Plant: Chloroplast, large vacuole, cell walls, plasmodesmata Animal: centrioles, cholestoral
31
1.2 Draw a Plant Cell
32
1.3 What is a Phospholipid Composed of
Hydrophilic Head: Phosphate group + glycerol Hydrophobic Tail: 2 Fatty Acids
33
1.3 Location- Types of Membrane Proteins
Integral (spans bilayer) or Peripheral (partially attached)
34
1.3 Draw and Label the phospholipid bilayer
35
1.3 Membrane Protein Functions
JETRAT Junctions - connect cells to eachother Enzymes - local metabolic pathways Transport Recognition Anchorage - attachment points for cytoskeleton + extracellular matrix Transduction - hormone receptors
36
1.4 Types of Transport Proteins
Passive: channel, carrier (changes shape) Active: Pump, co-transport (using gradient)
37
1.4 Recognition Proteins are what type of Protien?
Often glycoproteins (proteins with oligosaccharides attached)
38
1.4 Purpose and Application of Cholesterol
Cholesterol is in animal cell membranes to maintain flexibility. Cholestoral is amphipathic (like phospholipid) Low Temps: High viscosity, not permeable enough. Cholesterol prevents the tight packing of fatty acids. High Temp: Low Viscosity, too permeable. Cholesterol restrains movement
39
1.4 Describe Sodium Potassium Pump
3 N+ attach, ATP -->ADP, shape change, Lose 3 N+ gain 2 K, P leaves, shape reverts
40
1.4 Vesicles
Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, can be transported (From ER to Golgi) or Secretory (To go to membrane) Endocytosis, Exocytosis
41
1.4 Describe the Process of protein synthesis and transport
1) Transcription at the nucleus 2) RER Translation 3) Packaged into transport vesicle 4) Golgi App, protein is modified 6) Packed into the secretory vesicle 7) Exocytosis
42
1.5 Process of Spontaneous Origin
1) Organic molecules from inorganic 2) Synthesis of polymers 3) Self-replicating polymers 4) Packing of molecules into membranes w/ chemistry diff from the outside
43
1.5 Evidence of Endosymetric Theory
Mitochondria + Chloroplast swallowed (MADDR) Membrane Antibiotics work Division - binary fission DNA Ribosomes (70s)
44
1.6 What Processes involve mitosis? (Why is division needed)
1) Tissue repair 2) Growth 3) Embryonic Development 4) Replace Cells 5) Asexual Reproduction
45
1.6 Cell Cycle (ALL OF IT)
Interphase G1: Grows, gathers molecular building blocks, organelles copy S: DNA copy, duplicates centrosome G2: More growth, makes proteins and organelles, reorganizes Miotic Phage: Prophase: nuclear membrane breaks apart, DNA supercoils into chromosomes, spindle fibers form and centrioles move towards the cell pole Metaphase: replicated chromosomes align at the equator, kinetochore (with microtubule) attaches to centromere of chromatid Anaphase: Chromatids are separated and pulled towards the pole by motor proteins along kinetochore microtubles Telophase: Nucleus membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense into chromatin (protein bound) Cytokensis: Plant Cell: 1) Vesicles move to equator to form tubular structure 2) Structures merge to form plasma membrane 3) Vesicles with pectins and cellulose is deposited Animal: A ring of contractile proteins constricts creating cleavage furrow until sides touch and they seperate
46
1.6 Presence of Cyclin
D (G1 cyclin) Triggers cell from G1 to S E (G1/S cyclin) Prepares for DNA replication A (S cyclin) Activates DNA inside nucleus B (Miotic cyclin): promotes assembly of spindles
47
1.6 What Causes Cancer (genes)?
Proto-onco genes code for protiens that help the cell move through the cell cycle, when mutated cell can divide when shouldnt - become oncogenes, cancer Tumor Surpressor Genes - stop cell dividing when shouldn't, when mutated cell can divide when shouldnt
48
1.6 Supercoiling of DNA
During mitosis DNA goes from the loose chromatin to a tight chromosome (condense in prophase, decondense in telophase)
49
1.6 Draw the stages of mitosis

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