5. Evolution and Biodiversity

Question 1

5.1 What is evolution?

Answer 1

A change over time in heritable characteristics

Question 2

5.1 Evidence of Evolution

Answer 2

Fossils: sequence of fossils
Selective Breeding
Homologous Structure
Similarity of embryos
Analagous Structure (convergent evo.)

Question 3

5.1 Homologous vs Analogous Structure

Answer 3

Homo: Common ancestor, adaptive radiation
Ana: convergent evolution, diff ancestor (crabs)

Question 4

5.1 What are the types of speciation?

Answer 4

Allopatric: Physical seperation
Perpatric: Enters a new niche (isolated)
Parapetric: Enters a new niche (adjacent)
Sympatric: Spontaneous in population

Question 5

5.2 What are conditions of natural selection

Answer 5

Inherited Variation, Competition, Selection, Adaptations, Evolution

Question 6

5.2 What sources of variation allow for natural selection?

Answer 6

1) Mutations
2) Meiosis
3) Sexual Reproduction

Question 7

5.2 What is differential survival and reproduction?

Answer 7

Ind. better adapted tend to survive/reproduce more

Question 8

5.2 What are selective pressures?

Answer 8

anything that can reduce reproductive success

Abiotic:
-climate
-drought
- soil

Biotic:
- competition for mate
- Change in fruiting season
- Competition for nests

Question 9

5.2 What is the rule of overproduction?

Answer 9

While breeeding rates vary, most organisms produce more offspring than environment can support, leads to competition.

Question 10

5.3 What are the rules of the binomial system of names?

Answer 10

Genus species
1) Genus is capatalized
2) Italitcs
3) Can be abbrievated after first use (G.species)

Question 11

5.3 What is the hierarchy of taxa?

Answer 11

Domain
Kingdom
Phyllum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 12

5.3 What are the three domains?

Answer 12

Eukaryota, Archaea, Eubacteria

Question 13

5.3 What are the differences between Archaea and Eubacteria

Answer 13

Archaea:
- DNA w/ histone-like protiens
- intron DNA
- can live in extreme environments
- walls without peptidoglycan

Eubacteria:
- no histone protiens
- no intron DNA
- cell walls with peptidoglycan

Question 14

5.3 What is phylogenetic classification?

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

5.3 What is artifical classification?

Answer 15

Grouping selecting characteristices first, not based on evolutionary traits

Question 16

5.3 What is natural classification?

Answer 16

Grouping organisms based on similarities then identifying shared charactersitics

Question 17

5.3 What are the difficulties with natural classifcation?

Answer 17

1- Species are fixed, constantly changing
2- species are genetically diverse
3- debate over defingin species (what is most important trait)
4 - convergent evolution

Question 18

5.3 What are the plant phyla

Answer 18

There are 12, main ones being
- Bryophyta
- Filicinophyta
- Coniferophyta
- Angiospermophyta

Question 19

5.3 What are Bryophyta?

Answer 19

• No vasuclarasiation (xylem/phloem)
• no true leaves, root, or stems
• Reproduce by releasing spores
  ex: moss

Question 20

5.3 What are fillicinophyta

Answer 20

• Has vascularisation
• Have leavs,roots, and steam (leaves have large fronds with small leaflets)
• Reproduce via spores

ex: ferns

Question 21

5.3 What are coniferophyta?

Answer 21

• Have vascularisation
• Leaves roots stems (stems are woody, leaves are needles)
• Reprodice with seeds in cones

ex: pine trees

Question 22

5.3 What are angiospermophyta?

Answer 22

• have vascularisation
• Have leaves, roots and stems
• Reproduce wtih seeds in flowers, may develop in fruits

ex: grass, all flowering plants

Question 23

5.3 Animal Phyla

Answer 23

Invertebrate:
- porifera
- cnidaria
- platyhelmintha
- annelida
- mollusca
- athropoda

Vertebrete
- chordata (not all chordata have vertebreas, but all vertebrates are chordata)

Question 24

5.3 What is porifera

Answer 24

• asymmetrical
• no mouth/anus
• can have calcium carbonate support

ex: sea sponge

Question 25

5.3 What is cnidaria

Answer 25

- radical symmmetry - single cavity - may have tenticles ex: jellyfish, coral

Question 26

5.3 What are platyhelmintha?

Answer 26

- bilateral symmetry - single entrance - flattened shape, may be parasite ex: tapeworm

Question 27

5.3 What is annelida?

Answer 27

- bilateral - mouth and anus - ringed segments of body ex: earthworms

Question 28

5.3 What is mollusca?

Answer 28

- bilateral symmetry - mouth and anus - muscular foot and mantle ex: snails, octopi, clams

Question 29

5.3 What are arthropoda

Answer 29

- bilateral symmetry - mouth and anus - jointed body segements with exoskeleton (chitin) ex: insects, spiders

Question 30

5.3 Chordata

Answer 30

- bilateral summetry - seperate mouth and anus - notochord and dorsal nerve tube (for some part of life) ex: mammals, birds, fish (also invertebrate sea squirts)

Question 31

5.4 What is a clade?

Answer 31

All organisms hypothesized to have evolved from common ancestors Cladistics: way of classifying by clades

Question 32

5.3 vertebrata (sub-phylm) classes

Answer 32

Fish Amphibian Birds Mammals Reptiles

Question 33

5.4 What is a cladogram?

Answer 33

tree diagram where each branch = clade Node/fork = common ancestor