Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

2=Pathology > 1. Cell Response to Injury: Morphological Changes 1 > Flashcards

1. Cell Response to Injury: Morphological Changes 1 Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

stress limit < change = results in what type of damage?

A

reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

stress limit > change = results in what type of damage?

A

irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

if cells were static and rigid, what would happen?

A

they would die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 ways cells adapt

A
  1. increase in cellular activity
  2. decrease in cellular activity
  3. alteration of morphology - differentiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what stimulates increase/decrease cellular activity?

A

hormonal stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how do cells increase cellular activity?

A

cells increase in number & size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which type of injury will cause a cell to go from a normal steady state to an altered steady state?

A

sub-lethal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what occurs to the cell if lethal injury occurs?

A

goes into the point of no return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

in a myocardial infarction, which cells are most sensitive to damage and which are the most robust?

A

sensitve - cerebral neurones

robus - fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 ways which damage occurs - cellular level.?

A
  1. ATP depletion
  2. Ca2+ influx
  3. ROS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does Ca2+ influx cause damage?

A

an increase in Ca2+ influx causes it to accumulate in the cytoplasm. this activates intracellular enzymes which cause destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 main organelles which are main targets of damaging stimuli

A
  1. mitochondria
  2. cytoskeleton
  3. cell membrane
  4. cellular DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which type of injury is reversible?

A

sub-lethal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which type of injury is irreversible?

A

lethal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what occurs in sub-lethal injury after the removal of the damaging stimuli?

A

cell recovers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 causes of lethal injury

A
  1. severe damaging stimuli

2. prolonged sublethal damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 characteristics of sub-lethal injury

A
  1. cell & organelle swelling
  2. blebbing/irregular PM
  3. detachment of ribosomes from rough ER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

by which process are damaged cell components removed?

A

autophagy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is autophagy?

A

the cell itself phagocytoses its damaged components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 types of cell death

A

apoptosis

necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what 2 factors determine type of cell death?

A
  1. magnitiude/type of stimulus

2. availability of ATP after the damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 types of sub-lethal damage

A
  1. cellular swelling/hydropic degeneration

2. fatty change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how can the type of sub-lethal damage be recognised?

A

light microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what 2 things cause cellular swelling/hydropic degeneration ?

A
  1. disruption of ionic/fluid homeostasis

2. failure of energy dependent membrane pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what types of injury cause fatty change?
hypoxic, toxic, metabolic
26
how can fatty change be identified histologically?
lipid vaculoes present
27
in hydropic degneration, explain the steps in which swelling occurs?
1. impaired membrane exchange mechanisms (Na/K pump) 2. Increased intraceullar Na+ 3. increased osmosis into the cell
28
morphology of hydropic degneration
1. pale cytoplasm 2. vacuolation 3. smaller, undefined nuclei
29
give an example of a toxin which causes fatty change
alcohol
30
give 2 reasons why lipids accumulate in fatty change
1. impaired fatty acid metabolism | 2. increased FA synthesis
31
morphology of fatty change
lipids accumulate in cytoplasmic vacuoles
32
which cells are affected by the liipid vacuoles? - 3
hepatocytes, cardiac, skeletal cells
33
how to recognise an affetcted fatty chnage organ?
enlarged and yellow
34
vacuoles in fatty change can coalesce and form what?
fatty cysts
35
why do vacuolated lipid cells appear as empty spaces histologically?
the lipids are dissolved during the staining process with alcohol
36
which stain is used to demonstrate lipids in cells?
sudan black/red
37
definition of necrosis
denaturation of proteins & enzymatic digestion
38
4 characteristics of necrosis
1. loss of PM 2. activated lysosomal enzymes 3. enzymatic digestion of cells via autolysis 4. leakage of cellular constituents - via inflammation
39
Necrosis of tissue has distinct patters, why is this important?
gives an idea of the underlying cause
40
name 6 types of necrosis
1. coagulative 2. liquefactive 3. gangrenous 4. caseous 5. fat 6. fibrinoid
41
morphology of coagulative necrosis
firm, pale, preserved archictecture and tisse outline
42
which type of enzymes are broken down in coagulative necrosis?
proteolytic
43
cause of coagulative necrosis
occlusion of arterial blood supply in kidney and heart
44
what is liquefactive necrosis?
describes when a tissue is digested and appears as a semi-liquid
45
what enzymes are involved in liquefactive necrosis?
hydrolytic
46
common example of liquefactive necrosis
cerebral infarction
47
how can liquefactive necrosis be identified?
yellow pus - dead leukocytes
48
why does liquefactive necrosis occur in the brain?
as the neurones have a high lysosomal content - also lack extracellular structural proteins such as reticulin + collagen
49
causes of liquefactive necrosis
bacterial/fungal infections
50
how do bacteria/fungi cause liquefactive necrosis?
1. enter the body 2. attract neutrophils 3. neutrophils releases hydrolases which cause liquification
51
describe the nuclei in liquefactive necrosis
very small - sometimes absent
52
1st step of gangrenous necrosis after limb losing its blood supply
coagulative necrosis
53
2nd step of gangrenous necrosis after limb losing its blood supply
bacterial infection can occur - leading to liquefactive necorsis - the leukocytes cause the gangrene
54
what type of necrosis occurs as a result of TB?
caseous
55
describe the morphology of caseous necrosis (3)
1. cheese like areas - white areas 2. fragmented/lysed cells 3. granuloma
56
cause of fat necrosis
pancreatic lipases released into pancreas
57
what is fat saponification?
where FA combine with Ca2+ to produce white areas
58
which type of necrosis occurs in the immune reactions of blood vessels?
fibrinoid
59
what causes the fibrinoid (pink area)
fibrin + ag+ab complex
60
definition of apoptosis
pathway of cell death induced by a tightly regulated suicide program
61
describe 5 steps in apoptosis
1. cells lose contact with neighboring cells 2. activation of enzymes which degrade DNA + proteins 3. cytoplasm shrinks 4. apoptotic cells break into apoptotic bodies 5. bodies phagocytoised by neighoring cells + macrophages
62
do the cell contents leak out in apoptosis?
no
63
what do apoptotic bodies express to be identified by the phagocytic cells?
tumour necrosis factor
64
what is the purpose of apoptosis?
to remove aged, damaged, harmful cells
65
when disease is present, what does apoptosis aim to do?
remove injured cells which are beyond repair
66
3 processes where apoptosis is used - NON pathological
1. programmed destruction - embryogenesis 2. maintain steady cell numbers 3. involution of hormone-dependent tissue when not needed
67
in H+E staining, what would an epidermal apoptotic cell look like?
1. intense eosinophillic cytoplasm - bright pink | 2. dense disintegreated nuclei
68
in response to a harmful stimulus, if a cell is able to adapt, what does it do?
change its growth pattern
69
what is cloudy swelling?
vacuolation - formation of intracellular vacoule

2=Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions