21. prostate cancer Flashcards
(29 cards)
what type are most prostatic tumours
adenocarcinoma
prostatic cancer are _____-dependent
hormone
without treatment, what can prostatic cancer develop into?
hormone-independent
which part of the prostate gland do most cancers arise from?
peripheral zone
are prostate cancers caused more by familial involvment or lifestyle and environment?
lifestyle and environmental
what is used to classifiy prostatic tumours?
gleasons score
what does pT2 indicate?
tumour confined to prostate
what does pT2a indicate?
tumour affects <1/2 of one lobe
what does pT2b indicate?
tumour affects >1/2 of one lobe
what does pT2c indicate?
tumour affects both lobes
what does pT3 indicate?
tumour extends beyond prostate
what does pT3b indicate?
tumour invades seminal vesicle
what does pT4 indicate?
tumour invades bladder and rectum
term used to describe normal small uniform glands
well differentiated
4 risk factors for prostate cancer
- fat
- decrease in fibre
- phytoestrogen
- oestrogens
how do phytooestrogens cause PC
disturb androgen-oestrogen balance
how do oestrogens cause PC
cause mutations
what enzymes converts T into DHT
5alpha reductase
where does T convert into DHT?
prostate
function of DHT
grows glandular epithelium of prostate
what accumulates with age?
DHT
what causes androgen independence (hormone -independent)
- oxidative damage to DNA
2. mutation in androgen receptor
how to diagnose PC
prostatic specific ag
5 treatments of PC
- castration
- finasteride
- GnRH antagonists/agonists
- cyproterone acetate
- anti-androgen + anti-GnRh
