1. Cell Theory

Question 1

4 tenets of cell theory

Answer 1

All living things composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, a cell is a basic fundamental unit of life, cells carry genetic info (DNA) that’s passed on from parent to daughter cell

Question 2

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

Answer 2

No. They have a nucleoid region instead

Question 3

The nucleus is surrounded by what?

Answer 3

Nuclear membrane/envelope; has 2 lipid bilayers

Question 4

What are nuclear pores?

Answer 4

They’re within the nuclear membrane that allow selective 2-way exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 5

Structure of DNA chromosomes

Answer 5

Linear DNA wrap around histones (proteins); then they’re further wound into chromosomes

Question 6

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 6

Subsection of nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are synthesized; seen as a dark spot in nucleus

Question 7

What types of structures are in mitochondria?

Answer 7

Outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, matrix, cristae, CIRCULAR AND SELF REPLICATING DNA (NOT SINGLE STRANDED)

Question 8

What rxns occur along cristae and intermembrane space?

Answer 8

Pumping protons from matrix to intermembrane space => proton motive force that produces ATP during oxidative phosphorylation; cristae contain electron transport chain

Question 9

What are endosomes?

Answer 9

Transport, package, and sort cell material

Question 10

RER vs SER

Answer 10

Ribosomes that allow translation of proteins that directly move to lumen vs lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons, SER also transports proteins from RER to golgi

Question 11

Golgi

Answer 11

Where cellular products become carbs, sulfates, and phosphates or other groups and transported via to their destined location

Question 12

Peroxisomes

Answer 12

Contain peroxide. Break down long chain of fatty acids via beta-oxidation. Sometimes help synthesize phospholipids

Question 13

Components of cytoskeleton

Answer 13

Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Question 14

What are microfilaments made of? What do they do?

Answer 14

Actin; they can use ATP to interact with myosin to generate movement (ex: muscle contraction)
assist in endocytosis, assist moving vesicles by pulling (but not pushing), participates in cytokinesis

Question 15

What are microtubules made of?

Answer 15

Tubulin; they make up cilia and flagella

Question 16

Cilia vs flagella

Answer 16

Movement of materials along cell surface vs movement of cell itself

Question 17

What are intermediate filaments?

Answer 17

Group of filamentous proteins such as keratin and lamin; involved in cell to cell adhesion or maintenance of cytoskeleton. Can withstand tremendous tension

Question 18

What are epithelial tissue?

Answer 18

Cover body and line its cavities to provide protection against pathogens and dessication. They tightly join together => basement membrane. In most organs, they constitute parenchyma

Question 19

Shapes and layers of epithelial cells

Answer 19

Cuboidal, columnar (long and thin), squamous (flat, scale-like); simple, stratified, pseudostratified

Question 20

What are connective tissue?

Answer 20

Support structure and provide framework for epithelial cells to carry out their functions; contributes to stroma (support structure for epithelial cells); produce and secrete materials like collagen and elastin. Ex: bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, blood, NOT MUSCLE

Question 21

Do prokaryotes have a mitochondria?

Answer 21

No. ETC and ATP generation are done on cell membrane

Question 22

Ribosome subunits for prok vs euk

Answer 22

30S and 50S make 70S vs 40S and 60S make 80S

Question 23

Name of prokaryotic reproduction

Answer 23

Binary fission (asexual); this does not inc genetic variability

Question 24

How are Archaea similar to bacteria and eukaryotes?

Answer 24

Look like bacteria, rxn/pathways like euk

Question 26

What are plasmids? And episomes?

Answer 26

Double stranded extrachromosomal material not within the circular chromosome;CAN SELF REPLICATE INDEP FROM ACTUAL BACTERIAL CHRM. Episomes are subset of plasmids that can integrate into bacteria genome

Question 27

Transformation vs conjugation vs transduction vs transfection

Answer 27

Integrating foreign genetic material from environment into host genome of bacterial cell vs bacterial mating/sexual reproduction that involves conjugation bridge made of sex pili and it transfers Fertility (F) factor unidirectionally from donor male (F+) to recipient female (F-) vs a virus/vector that transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another aka bacteriophage infection vs integrating foreign genetic material into host genome of euk cell

Question 28

Pos sense vs neg sense ssRNA viruses

Answer 28

RNA strand can be directly translated to functional proteins by host cell’s ribosomes (like mRNA) vs RNA strand acts as template so you need RNA replicase to make the complimentary strand for translation

Question 29

What are retroviruses?

Answer 29

Enveloped, ssRNA viruses that contain reverse transcriptase which makes DNA from ssRNA. That DNA is integrated into host’s genome and host replicates and transcribes it like its own DNA. Reverse transcription occurs in cytoplasm

Question 30

Name 4 types of tissue

Answer 30

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve

Question 31

Know all types of viral genome

Answer 31

ALL ds/ss RNA/DNA

Question 32

What is clathrin?

Answer 32

Involved in endocytosis, which is functionally diff than phagocytosis

Question 33

Does apoptosis spill cellular contents?

Answer 33

Nope (that’s probably necrosis)

Question 34

Do ribosomes or lysosomes have a single membrane?

Answer 34

Ribosomes don’t have any membrane (that’s why they’re present in both proks and euks b/c proks don’t have membrane bound organelles). Lysosomes have a single membrane

Question 35

Endomembrane system

Answer 35

Golgi, ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane

Question 36

Which 2 organelles look most similar under electron microscope?

Answer 36

Smooth ER and golgi