7.2 Blood

Question 1

What are the 3 layers of blood?

Answer 1

Plasma aka serum (minus fibrinogen and clotting factors), WBCs & platelets, and RBCs

Question 2

What do RBCs do? How is hematocrit measured?

Answer 2

Carry oxygen around via hemoglobin; vol of RBC/total vol of blood, high HCT => polycythemia, low HCT => anemia (aldosterone has nothing to do with HCT)

Question 3

Examples of granulocytes vs agranulocytes

Answer 3

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (BEN) vs lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 4

What are the names of monocytes after they leave bloodstream and enter an organ?

Answer 4

Macrophages generally. In CNS, microglia; in skin, Langerhans cells; in bone, osteoclasts

Question 5

What are thrombocytes/platelets and megakaryocytes?

Answer 5

Cell fragments or shards (platelets) released by cells in bone marrow (megakaryocytes)

Question 6

What is hematopoiesis and how is it triggered?

Answer 6

Production of blood cells and platelets triggered by hormones, growth factors and cytokines

Question 7

Erythropoietin vs thrombopoietin

Answer 7

secreted by kidneys and stimulates RBC development vs secreted by liver and kidney and stimulates platelet development

Question 8

RBCs have antigens. Name the 2 main groups

Answer 8

ABO ag and Rh factor

Question 9

Which blood types are universal donors and universal recipients?

Answer 9

O = donor, AB = recipient

Question 10

What ag and ab do O produce? What does this mean?

Answer 10

No ag, both anti-A and anti-B ab –> recognize blood types A and B as foreign

Question 11

What ag and ab do AB produce? What does this mean?

Answer 11

Ag A and B, no ab –> doesn’t recognize any blood type as foreign

Question 12

What does Rh specify?

Answer 12

D allele/surface protein on RBC

Question 13

What is erythroblastosis fetalis?

Answer 13

Condition where Rh- mother makes ab against Rh+ fetus and attack fetal cells

Question 14

How is bp regulated?

Answer 14

Baroreceptors w/in walls of vasculature; they’re neurons that detect mechanical changes in walls of blood vessels

Question 15

How do baroreceptors act?

Answer 15

Low bp –> baroreceptors stimulate sympathetic nervous system for vasoconstriction –> inc bp

Question 16

What to do if bp is too high?

Answer 16

Atrial cells release atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) hormone that acts as diuretic to promote sodium excretion

Question 17

What is oxygen saturation?

Answer 17

%age of hemoglobin carrying oxygen

Question 18

Does fetal hemoglobin (HbF) have higher affinity than adult hemoglobin (HbA)?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

How to shift right in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

Answer 19

Exercise is the right thing to do: increase [H+], increase PaCO2, increase temp, increase 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

Question 20

How do platelets clot?

Answer 20

1) platelets release thromboplastin
2) thromboplastin converts inactive prothrombin ti active thrombin
3) thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
4) fibrin surrounds blood cells to form clot

Question 21

What does the spleen do?

Answer 21

Blood storage and activation of B cells that later turn into plasma cells for adaptive immunity and destruction of damaged B cells, destruction of damaged or old RBCs, filters blood to help immune system

Question 22

Does erythropoietin inc in high altitude or low altitude?

Answer 22

High altitude

Question 23

What class of lipids do ABO typing?

Answer 23

sphingolipids