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Biology > 1. Cells and cell techniques > Flashcards

1. Cells and cell techniques Flashcards

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1
Q

What do all cells contain

A
  • A cell-surface membrane
  • Cytoplasm
    -Genetic material, made of DNA
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2
Q

What are the two groups cells can be divided into

A

-Prokaryotic: Bacteria
- Eukaryotic: Cells found in plants, fungi, algae and animals that have internal membranes, forming organelles

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3
Q

What is an organelle

A

Small structure in cytoplasm that has a specific function

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4
Q

What are differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes are much smaller
Prokaryotes don’t contain any membrane-bound organelles in their cytoplasm

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5
Q

How to prokaryotes from new cells

A

Binary Fission

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6
Q

What are the structures of a bacterium cell

A

Capsule (MBP)
Cell wall
Cell surface membrane
Cytoplasm
Small ribosomes
Plasmids (MBP)
DNA
Flagellum (MBP)

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7
Q

What is the DNA of a bacterium cell like

A

Short, circular molecule of DNA
Not associated with protein
Free in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

What is the function of DNA of a bacterium cell

A

Carries genetic codes for proteins

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9
Q

What is the cell wall of a bacterium like

A

Contains Murein - a glycoprotein

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall of a bacterium cell

A

Prevents osmotic lysis
Rigid - strengthening

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11
Q

What is cytoplasm in a bacterium cell like

A

A solution where many dissolved molecules are found
No membrane-bound organelles

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12
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm in a bacterium cell

A

Site of many metabolic reactions

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13
Q

What is the cell surface membrane of a bacterium cell like

A

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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14
Q

What is the function of the cell surface membrane in a bacterium cell

A

Controls passage of substances across exchange surfaces by passive or active transport

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15
Q

What is the function of the small ribosomes in a bacterium cell

A

Protein synthesis

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16
Q

What are simple flagellum like in a bacterium cell

A

Thin rotating fibres

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17
Q

What is the function of simple flagella in a bacterium cell

A

Responsible for movement of cell

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18
Q

What are plasmids like in a bacterium cell

A

One or more small loops of DNA
Can replicate independently

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19
Q

What is the function of Plasmids in a bacterium cell

A

Can pass on genetic info via conjugation to other bacteria

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20
Q

What is the capsule like in a bacterium cell

A

Extra layer outside the cell wall

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21
Q

What is the function of the capsule in a bacterium cell

A

Protects from desiccation, phagocytosis and some pathogens

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22
Q

How do we know that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes have extra features

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23
Q

What is the benefit of having membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes

A

Allows chemical reactions to take place quickly and efficienctly

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24
Q

How to eukaryotes form new cells

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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25
What is the plasma membrane like in a eukaryote
Found of cell surface and most internal organelles. Made of a phospholipid bilayer which also contains embedded proteins
26
What is the function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells
Selectively permeable Allows cell identification
27
What is the nucleus like in eukaryotes
Contains chromosomes which are long, linear DNA molecules Associated with histone protein Has one or more neucleoli
28
What is the function of the nucleus in a eukaryote
DNA contains genetic code for making proteins Nucleolus manufactures ribosomes
29
What is a mitochondrion like in a eurkaryote
Oval shaped organelle surrounded by 2 membranes. Inner membrane folds and forms cristae Fluid inside is called the matrix Contains DNA like that in Prokaryotes
30
What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotes
Produce ATP from aerobic respiration ATP used by cell far active processes like protein synthesis
31
What is the Rough endoplasmic reticulum like in a eukaryote
A series of tubes in the cytoplasm of a cell. Appears rough due to the ribosomes attached to the membranes
32
What is the function of the RER in a eukaryote
Synthesis and transport of proteins through cytoplasm
33
What are ribosomes like in a eukaryote
80s Made of RNA and protein. Not surrounded by a membrane
34
What is the function of ribosomes in eukaryotes
Protein synthesis
35
what is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum like in a eukaryote
A series of tubes in the cytoplasm of cell No ribosomes attached
36
What is the function of the SER in a eukaryote
Synthesises and transports lipids
37
What is the golgi apparatus and vesicles like in eukaryotes
Stacks of flattened sacs. Vesicles are continually budded off from the ends of the sacs
38
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus and vesicles in a eukaryote
Modifies proteins that are made in the cell e.g coverts them to glycoproteins Packages them into vesicles Forms lysosomes
39
What is a lysosome like in a eukaryote
Golgi vesicle Contains hydrolytic enzymes, sometimes known as lysozymes
40
What is the function of lysosomes in a eukaryote
Digest unwanted material in the cell like pathogens or unwanted organelles
41
What structures do plant cells have that animal cells dont
Cell wall Vacuole Chloroplasts
42
What is the function of a plant cell wall
Made of cellulose Provides high tensile strength that prevents osmotic lysis Cell wall in Fungi is made of Chitin
43
What is the function of a vacuole in a plant cell
Filled with cell sap Gives rigidity
44
What is the function of chloroplasts in a plant cell
Site of photosynthesis
45
Where are chloroplast cells found
The mesophyll cells of leaves of green plants
46
What are the structures of a chloroplast
Envelope Granum Stroma DNA Ribsomes
47
What is the function of a chloroplast envelope
A double-membrane surrounding the chloroplast
48
What is the function of Granum in chloroplasts
A stack of membrane-bound discs called thylakoids Thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll Membranes provide large SA for light absorption to maximise photosynthesis
49
What is the function of the Stroma in chloroplasts
Contains enzymes needed for photosynthesis and stores starch grains
50
What is the function of DNA in chloroplasts
Short, circular and not associated with proteins
51
What size are the ribosomes in a chloroplast
70s
52
What is a tissue
A group of similar cells
53
What is an organ
A group of tissues
54
What is an organ system
A group of interacting, interrelated, or independent organs forming a complex functional whole
55
What are viruses
They're not cells and so are non-living. Acellular Cant undergo cell division - need to attach and enter a host cell and use that cell's machinery
56
What components are viruses made up of
Genetic material Capsid Attachment protein
57
What is the genetic material of a virus
either DNA or RNA
58
What is a capsid in a virus
A protein coat
59
What is an attachment protein in a virus
Allows the virus to attach to host cell Complementary to receptors of host cell membrane
60
What is magnification
The number of times bigger the image appears compared to its actual size
61
What is resolution
The minimum distance between 2 objects / points at which they can be seen as separate
62
What does an optical microscope consist of
Use light to illuminate and glass lenses to focus light Eyepiece lens of fixed magnification and selection of objective lenes of various magnifications One-cell-thick specimen
63
What resolution for light microscopes have
Have a relatively long wavelength so the resolution is low
64
What does an electron microscope consist of
Beam of e- which are focused using a series of electromagnets
65
What is the resolution of an electron microscope
e- have a smaller wavelength so resolution is higher
66
What are the different types of electron microscopes
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
67
What is a transmission electron microscope
The beam of electrons is transmitted through a very thin specimen
68
What can be looked at under a TEM
The greater resolution means smaller organelles such as ribosomes can be observed as well as internal details of organelles
69
What is a scanning electron microscope
Used to study 3D objects. The e- are reflected off the surface rather than passing through
70
What are the advantages of using light microscopes
Colour of images Living specimens Prep of specimens is simple
71
What are the limitations of using light microscop[es
Lower resolution Limited by wavelength of light Lower magnification
72
What are the advantages of using an electron microscope
Higher resolutionas e- beam wavelength is shorter than light. Higher magnification Finer detail can be seen
73
What are the limitations of using electron microscopes
Black and white images only Vacuum is needed so only dead specimens Complex preparation of specimens often results in artefacts TEM require thin specimen
74
What is an artefact
Something that results from the way a specimen is prepared. May appear on micrograph but not be part of the natural specimen.
75
How do you convert between mm-um-nm
mm-x10^3-um-x10^3-nm
76
How do you calculate magnification and how is it measured
I=AM (mm)
77
How can you determine an organelle function
Must be isolated from the cell by cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation
78
What happens in cell fractionation
- Cells broken pen using homogeniser - breaks cell membranes and allows the organelles to be released - Cell debris and whole cells are filtered off to leave a suspension
79
What happens during ultracenrtifugation
-Resultant suspension is centrifuged at a low speed -The most dense organelle (Nucleus) separates out at the bottom of the tube. The rest of the organelles are still suspended in the supernatant -Supernatant is poured into fresh tube and spun at a higher speed to separate (chloroplasts) mitochondria -Process is repeated at increasing speeds to separate off the less dense organelles. A very high speed will be needed for ribosomes
80
What conditions are held during the separation of organelles
Cold temperature Buffer Isotonic
81
Why are cold temperatures needed when separating organelles
Reduces enzyme activity so no digestion of organelles by lysozymes
82
Why is a buffer needed in organelle separation
Maintains constant pH to prevent denaturation of proteins including enzymes
83
Why does organelle separation need to be kept isotonic
Same as water potential as organelles to prevent osmotic lysis or shrinking of organelles

Biology (23 decks)

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