1 - Challenges to the restored order

Question 1

in 1830, how was Italy organised

Answer 1

1815 treaty of vienna restored borders of states after the disruption of the Napoleonic wars
no uniformity to the political geography

Question 2

piedmont in 1830

Answer 2

ruled by house of Savoy
absolutist state with a strong army and effective civil service (poverty still exists)
charles albert becomes king in 1831

Question 3

lombardy in 1830

Answer 3

ruled by Austrian officials acting in the name of the emperor
military strongholds (Quadrilateral) in the fertile Po Valley

Question 4

Papal States in 1830

Answer 4

umbria, the marches and romagna
dominated central italy
ruled by Head of the Catholic Church (who lived in Rome). he had temporal power and no significant army so relied on other nations. After 1815, Austrian troops stationed here.

Question 5

Venice in 1830

Answer 5

annexed by Austria in the 1815 Treaty of Vienna
(also called the Republic of St Mark)

Question 6

central duchies in 1830

Answer 6

modena, parma and tuscany
independent states but firmly under Austrian influence - rulers were close to the Austrian emperor (e.g. Tuscany’s Grand Duke Ferdinand III in 1815 was the emperor’s brother)

Question 7

naples in 1830

Answer 7

ruled by Bourbon family.
poorest region, with naples being the largest italian city (400,000 people).
in the countryside, the social structure was unchanged from medieval times.
any liberal projects undertaken by the french were abandoned in 1815 (e.g. constitution)

Question 8

what did Luigi Settembrini say

Answer 8

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - “no state in Europe is in worse condition”

Question 9

national movements in the 1820s

Answer 9

very limited
there only existed groups who had serious grievances against the reintroduced rule. There were uprisings in Naples/Sicily/Piedmont in 1820-1 but did not ask for national change/challenge Austria.

Question 10

Carbonari

Answer 10

“charcoal burners”
committed to the people’s rights and were open to using violence
strongest in Naples, where it had 60,000 members

Question 11

causes of the 1830-2 revolutions

Answer 11

many italian revolutionaries fled to france after 1820-1 failed. some took part in the July Days (1830) uprisings where Charles X was overthrown and replaced by Louis Phillipe.
Italians hoped the French would support similar uprisings.

Question 12

1830-2 revolutions - where?

Answer 12

mainly Modena and Papal States

Question 13

1830-2 - Modena: who led?

Answer 13

enrico misley (academic and carbonari member)

Question 14

1830-2 - Modena: what happened?

Answer 14

enrico misley was a friend of the Duke of Modena (Francesco IV) and he offered him the position of King of Italy in return for support.
2 days before the uprising was planned, Francesco had Ciro Menotti (one of the main members) arrested and he fled to Vienna to get Metternich’s support.
He returned with an Austrian army and the revolutionaries were crushed.

Question 15

who was arrested in the Modena 1830-2 uprisings

Answer 15

Ciro Menotti (one of the most important conspiracy members) was arrested by Duke Francesco IV

Question 16

when was the Modena uprising within the 1830-2 period

Answer 16

Feb 1831
Austrian army came in March 1831

Question 17

Modena 1830-2 - Austrian army

Answer 17

arrived March 1831
after crushing the revolution, many members were executed

Question 18

1830-2 - Papal States: who urged the uprising?

Answer 18

Menotti
mainly supported by liberals who wanted to challenge the clerical state and return to the secular napoleonic times

Question 19

in the papal states 1831, who was elected?

Answer 19

reactionary church leader was elected Pope - Gregory XVI

Question 20

1830-2 - Papal States: who LED the uprising and what did they do?

Answer 20

revolutionary army led by Colonel Sercognani
captured Ancona and Perugia
set up a provisional government in Bologna

Question 21

Papal States 1831 provisional gov

Answer 21

bologna
issued a constitution and an elected assembly
not a particularly radical constitution, but it was a threat to metternich.

Question 22

because the papal constitution was a threat, what did Austria do 1831?

Answer 22

austrian forces took bologna
later revolts that year led to Austrian and French intervention in early 1832

Question 23

reasons for the failure of 1830-2

Answer 23

• failed to attract foreign support (mainly french)
• demands for liberalism went against austrian beliefs
• no unity
• troppau protocol

Question 24

what did the French minister say in 1831

Answer 24

“the blood of Frenchmen belongs to France” - wouldn’t intervene to help other countries revolt

Question 25

troppau protocol

Answer 25

the great powers had the right to intervene to crush any revolution in Europe since 1820 the british and the french didn’t necessarily agree but didn’t want to challenge austria’s responsibility to keep political stability

Question 26

1830-2 revolutions failure - lack of unity

Answer 26

- no communication between regions to help support one another - parochial ambitions - narrow social base (exclusive secret societies and no broad support as their aims were constitutional, not for social change)

Question 27

why did the 1830-2 revolutions not attract the masses

Answer 27

not protesting for social change - only constitutional change revolutionaries were usually part of exclusive secret societies

Question 28

risorgimento roots

Answer 28

go back to the roman empire when the peninsula was ‘united’

Question 29

name 2 writers of the risorgimento

Answer 29

dante and machiavelli thought of italy as a cultural identity

Question 30

when was the term risorgimento first used

Answer 30

1775 to mean national identity

Question 31

writers such as _____ talked about Italy as a whole and the Risorgimento as a moral revival

Answer 31

alfieri denina

Question 32

early writers of the risorgimento (e.g. Alfieri and Denina) had what problem

Answer 32

only small audience - upper class

Question 33

first risorgimento revoultions

Answer 33

strengthened by events in France - changing to a political revival italian jacobins were involved in plots to overthrow governments in the late 1790s

Question 34

linguistic divisions

Answer 34

italy was a patchwork of languages/regional dialects - the modern italian was Tuscan and only spoken in Florence (630,000 used it out of 27 million) illiteracy was high - 2/3

Question 35

what did metternich say about italy

Answer 35

that it was ‘mere geography’

Question 36

common language in journals

Answer 36

Il Poletecnico in Milan ran 1839-45 shared culture in the educated classes

Question 37

creation of national organisations

Answer 37

Congreso Degli Scienziata held meetings across Italy 1839-47 fostered a moderate nationalist opinion and often had a political edge to their meetings Tuscan Italian used as language

Question 38

tuscan italian becoming more popular

Answer 38

D’Azelgio started writing in tuscan italian started to become the conversational language of the upper class (instead of French)

Question 39

Verdi’s Nabuco

Answer 39

first performed 1842 in Milan included the chorus of the Hebrew slaves - mirrored repression of Italians his work became linked with anti-Austrian sentiments with performances often causing violent outbreaks

Question 40

problem with Verdi

Answer 40

only for milanese nationalist middle class not representative of the majority of Milan, let alone itlay

Question 41

largest secret society

Answer 41

carbonari

Question 42

name another secret society

Answer 42

Adelfi - initially a strong anti-french society which changed into The Society of the Sublime Perfect masters (main aim to destroy Austrian rule and set up a democratic republic) led by Bhonarroti - an experienced revolutionary

Question 43

when did secret societies start

Answer 43

to protest against the french dominance in italy during the napoleonic period after 1815, members instead plotted against the restored governments

Question 44

aims of secret societies

Answer 44

generally to reject absolutism and promote the people’s rights

Question 45

who joined secret societies

Answer 45

those who lost out in the restoration - e.g. purged army officers/civil servants

Question 46

good thing about secret societies

Answer 46

kept revolutionary spirit alive even if change didn’t happen

Question 47

economic divisions and social probs: land

Answer 47

soil quality in south was inferior and crippled with malaria ‘latifundia’ system was feudal and people preferred napoleonic system common land sold in 1830s/40s

Question 48

common land being sold

Answer 48

1830s-40s many depended on land for fuel and food by 1865, a quarter of a million acres had been sold sold to local administration officers/mayors who exploited the land

Question 49

economic divisions and social probs: industrial development

Answer 49

- limited growth as Italy relied on britain for coal imports, the Appenine mountains were a transport barrier and economies were localised - 1847 depression made urban centres suffer as they had no broad industrial base (only textiles) - south - virtually no industrialisation as there were few entrepreneurs with skills/capital to invest in the few skilled workers. mainly artisan.

Question 50

in 1844, there were only ___ industrial workers

Answer 50

114,000 in Piedmont

Question 51

GDP per head

Answer 51

rose in the north/central italy only 0.5% a year between 1830-60

Question 52

industrial development in south

Answer 52

limited, as few entrepreneurs had the skill/capital to invest railways built in naples in 1830s

Question 53

localised economies

Answer 53

caused by political divisions post-1815, trade tariffs were reimposed and this reinforced localism

Question 54

economic divisions and social probs: transport

Answer 54

- driving force for industrial change was railway - first railway was in naples and completed 1839 - compared to britain, italy was underdeveloped. Its lack of excess water meant little canal development

Question 55

poverty in the south acted as a barrier for..

Answer 55

industrial/agricultural development e..g in the southern region Apulia, the development of an emerging olive oil industry was stunted by lack of modern transport system

Question 56

localised transport

Answer 56

good - in 1860, over 5/6 of villages in Naples were connected by tracks rather than roads

Question 57

economic divisions and social probs: rich/poor

Answer 57

- any political change came from the upper classes who wanted to benefit from selling land - great social division - most of the population across north/south lived in abject poverty - increase in population to over 24 million meant unemployment and rising food costs (most farming was subsistence so relied on foreign imports).

Question 58

economic divisions and social probs: famine

Answer 58

most food production was subsistence, so relied on foreign grain imports. periodic famines in the mid1840s and 1853 the peasants lived on a diet of maize, which often caused vitamin deficiencies such as pellagra

Question 59

economic divisions and social probs: disease

Answer 59

cholera outbreaks were common in south between 1835-7, 27,000 died in Palermo alone

Question 60

economic divisions and social probs: wood

Answer 60

increasing demand for wood (railways/ship building) caused widespread deforestation and landslides leading to swamps (exacerbating the problem of malaria)

Question 61

economic divisions and social probs: urbanisation

Answer 61

- people drawn to towns because of potential work - by 1860, Turin’s population had multiplied ten times over and was 170,000

Question 62

economic divisions and social probs: church influence decreasing

Answer 62

pre-1815, the church had been the main charity organisation. but during napoleon, mainly religious buildings were closed and only 400 were restored by 1821/lots of land sold. the state became more involved with poor relief (e.g. Piedmont’s first workhouse 1836)

Question 63

economic divisions and social probs: church CONTINUING influence

Answer 63

- close to 100% catholic population - maintained social control in rural areas - continued charity, even if it was lessened